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groff_diff(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual groff_diff(7)
groff_diff - differences between GNU roff and AT&T troff
The GNU roff text processing system, groff, is a reimplementation
and extension of AT&T troff, the typesetting system originating in
Unix systems of the 1970s. groff removes many arbitrary
limitations and adds features, both to the input language and to
the page description language output by the troff formatter. We
also note here differences arising from groff's implementation of
AT&T troff features. See roff(7) for background. GNU troff can
operate in a manner that increases support for documents written
for AT&T troff; see section “Compatibility mode” below.
GNU troff features identifiers of arbitrary length; supports color
output, non-integral type sizes, user-defined characters, and
automatic hyphenation of languages other than English; adds more
conditional expression operators; recognizes additional scaling
units and numeric operators; enables general file I/O (in “unsafe
mode” only); and exposes more formatter state.
Long names
GNU troff introduces many new requests; with three exceptions (cp,
do, rj), they have names longer than two characters. The names of
registers, fonts, strings/macros/diversions, environments, special
characters, character classes, streams, hyphenation language
codes, and colors can be of any length. Anywhere AT&T troff
supports a parameterized escape sequence that uses an opening
parenthesis “(” to introduce a two-character argument, groff
supports a square-bracketed form “[]” where the argument within
can be of arbitrary length.
Font families, abstract styles, and translation
GNU troff can group text typefaces into families. For example,
groff ships with support for families containing each of the
styles “R”, “I”, “B”, and “BI” (roman [upright], bold, italic
[slanted], and bold-italic). So that a document need not be
coupled to a specific font family, an output device can associate
a style in the abstract sense with a mounting position. Thus the
default family can combine with a style dynamically, producing a
resolved font name. A document can translate, or remap, font
names with the ftr request.
Applying the requests cs, bd, tkf, uf, or fspecial to an abstract
style affects the member of the default family corresponding to
that style. The default family can be set with the fam request or
-f command-line option. The styles directive in the output
device's DESC file controls which mounting positions (if any) are
initially associated with abstract styles rather than fonts, and
the sty request can update this association.
Colors
groff supports color output with a variety of color spaces and up
to 16 bits per channel. Some devices, particularly terminals, may
be more limited. When color support is enabled, two colors are
current at any given time: the stroke color, with which glyphs,
rules (lines), and geometric figures are drawn, and the fill
color, which paints the interior of filled geometric figures. The
color, defcolor, gcolor, and fcolor requests; \m and \M escape
sequences; and .color, .m, and .M registers exercise color
support.
Hyphenation
GNU troff uses a hyphenation algorithm and language-specific
pattern files (based on TeX's) to decide which words can be
hyphenated and where. AT&T troff's hyphenation system (“suftab”)
was specific to English.
New requests permit finer control over hyphenation breaking;
hyphenation of a word might be suppressed due to a limit on
consecutive hyphenated lines (hlm), a minimum line length
threshold (hym), or because the line can instead be adjusted with
additional inter-word space (hys). The hla request selects a
hyphenation language, whereas hpf and hpfa respectively load and
append to the language's hyphenation patterns. If no hyphenation
language is set or no patterns are loaded, GNU troff does not
perform automatic hyphenation.
For automatic hyphenation to work, the formatter must know which
letters are equivalent; for example, the letter “E” behaves like
“e”; only the latter typically appears in hyphenation pattern
files. GNU troff expects characters that participate in automatic
hyphenation to be assigned hyphenation codes that define these
equivalence classes. At startup, GNU troff assigns hyphenation
codes to the letters “a”–“z”, applies the same codes to “A”–“Z” in
one-to-one correspondence, and assigns a code of zero to all other
characters.
The hcode request enables application of hyphenation codes to
characters outside the Unicode basic Latin set; without doing so,
words containing such letters won't hyphenate properly even if the
corresponding hyphenation patterns contain them. Localization
files for the input character set and language configure
hyphenation codes; see groff_tmac(5).
GNU troff's \: escape sequence works like \% but produces no
hyphen if the word breaks at that location.
Fractional type sizes and new scaling units
When configuring the type size, AT&T troff ignored scaling units
and intepreted all measurements in points. Combined with integer
arithmetic, this design choice made it impossible to support, for
instance, ten-and-a-half-point type. In GNU troff an output
device can select a scaling factor that subdivides a point into
“scaled points”. A type size expressed in scaled points can thus
represent a non-integral size in points.
A scaled point, scaling unit s, is equal to 1/sizescale points,
where the device description file, DESC, specifies sizescale and
otherwise defaults to 1; see groff_font(5). GNU troff also
defines the typographical point, scaling unit z, which explicitly
specifies a type size of potentially non-integral measure. The
program multiplies typographical points by sizescale and converts
the value to an integer. Arguments GNU troff interprets in z
units by default comprise those to the escape sequences \H and \s,
to the request ps, the third argument to the cs request, and the
second and fourth arguments to the tkf request. In GNU troff, the
register \n[.s] interpolates the type size in typographical points
(z), whereas the register \n[.ps] interpolates it in scaled points
(s). “\n[.ps]s”, “\n[.s]z”, and “1m” are co-equal by definition.
For example, if sizescale is 1000, then a scaled point is one
thousandth of a point. Consequently, “.ps 10.5” is synonymous
with “.ps 10.5z”; both set the type size to 10,500 scaled points
or 10.5 typographical points.
It makes no sense to use the “z” scaling unit in a numeric
expression whose default scaling unit is neither “u” nor “z”, so
GNU troff disallows this. Similarly, it is nonsensical to use
scaling units other than “p”, “s”, “z”, or “u”, in a numeric
expression whose default scaling unit is “z”, and so GNU troff
disallows those as well.
Output devices may be limited in the type sizes they can employ.
The .s and .ps registers represent the type size selected by the
formatter as it understands a device's capability. The last
requested type size is interpolated in scaled points by the read-
only register .psr and in points as a decimal fraction by the
read-only string-valued register .sr. Like the actual current and
previous type size, the requested ones are properties of an
environment.
For example, if a document requests a type size of 10.95 points,
and the nearest size permitted by a sizes request (or by the sizes
or sizescale directives in the device's DESC file) is 11 points,
groff uses the latter value.
A further two new measurement units available in groff are “M”,
which indicates hundredths of an em, and “f”, which multiplies by
65,536. The latter provides convenient fractions for color
definitions with the defcolor request. For example, 0.5f equals
32768u.
Numeric expressions
GNU troff permits spaces in a numeric expression within
parentheses, and offers three new operators.
e1>?e2 Interpolate the greater of expressions e1 and e2.
e1<?e2 Interpolate the lesser of expressions e1 and e2.
(c;e) Interpolate expression e using c as the default scaling
unit, ignoring scaling units in e if c is empty.
Arithmetic in GNU troff saturates instead of wrapping.
Conditional expressions
More conditions can be tested with the “if” and ie requests, as
well as the new “while” request.
c chr True if a character chr is available; chr is an ordinary,
special, or indexed character, whether defined by a font
description file or a request.
d nam True if a string, macro, diversion, or request nam is
defined.
F fnt True if a font fnt is available; fnt can be an abstract
style or a font name. fnt is handled as if it were an
argument to the ft request (that is, the default family is
combined with an abstract style and font translation is
applied), but fnt cannot be a mounting position, and no
font is mounted.
m col True if a color col is defined.
r reg True if a register reg is defined.
S sty True if an abstract style sty is registered. Font
translations apply.
v Always false. This condition exists for compatibility with
certain other troff implementations. (We refer to vtroff,
a translator that converted the C/A/T command stream
produced by early-vintage AT&T troff to a form suitable for
Versatec and Benson-Varian plotters.)
Drawing commands
GNU troff extends the \D escape sequence with drawing commands to
create filled circles and ellipses, and polygons. Stroked
(outlined) objects are drawn with the stroke color and filled
(solid) ones shaded with the fill color. These are independent
properties; if you want a filled, stroked figure, you must draw
the same figure twice using each command. A filled figure is
smaller than a stroked one using the same parameters because the
former is drawn only within its defined area, whereas strokes have
a line thickness, set with another new drawing command.
Escape sequences
groff introduces several new escape sequences, extends the syntax
of a few AT&T troff escape sequences (namely, \D, \f, \k, \n, \s,
\$, and \*), and alters the behavior of \X. The following list
collates escape sequences alphabetically at first, and then by
symbol roughly in Unicode code point order. Neutral apostrophes '
illustrate escape sequences with a user-selectable delimiter.
Many others are available; see subsection “Miscellaneous” and
section “Compatibility Mode” below.
\A'anything'
Interpolate 1 if anything is a valid identifier, and 0
otherwise. Because GNU troff ignores any input character
with an invalid code when reading it, invalid identifiers
are empty or contain spaces, tabs, newlines, or escape
sequences that interpolate something other than a sequence
of ordinary characters. You can employ \A to validate a
macro argument before using it to construct another escape
sequence or identifier.
\B'anything'
Interpolate 1 if anything is a valid numeric expression,
and 0 otherwise. You might use \B along with the “if”
request to filter out invalid macro arguments.
\D'C d'
Draw filled circle of diameter d with its leftmost point at
the drawing position.
\D'E h v'
Draw filled ellipse of axis lengths h and v, with its
leftmost point at the drawing position.
\D'p h1 v1 ... hn vn'
Draw polygon with vertices at the drawing position and each
point in sequence. GNU troff closes the polygon by drawing
a line from (hn, vn) back to the initial drawing position;
DWB and Heirloom troffs do not. Afterward, the drawing
position is left at (hn, vn).
\D'P h1 v1 ... hn vn'
As \D'p', but the polygon is filled. groff does not
specify how the output device must fill concave or self-
intersecting polygons.
\D't n'
Set line thickness of geometric objects to n basic units.
A zero n selects the minimum supported thickness. A
negative n (the default) selects a thickness proportional
to the type size.
\E Embed an escape character that is not interpreted in copy
mode (compare with \a and \t). You can use it to ease the
writing of nested macro definitions. It is also convenient
to define strings containing escape sequences that need to
work when used in copy mode (for example, as macro
arguments), or that will be interpolated at varying macro
nesting depths.
\f[fnt]
Select typeface fnt, which may be a mounting position,
abstract style, or font name. \f[], \f[P], and \fP are
synonyms; we recommend the first.
\Ff
\F(fm
\F[fml]
Select default font family. \F[] makes the previous font
family the default. \FP is unlike \fP; it selects font
family “P” as the default. See the fam request below.
\k(rg
\k[reg]
Store the horizontal drawing position, relative to that
corresponding to the start of the input line (ignoring page
offset and indentation), in two-character register name rg
or arbitrary register name reg.
\mc
\m(cl
\m[col]
Set stroke color to col. \m[] restores the previous stroke
color, or the default if there is none.
\Mc
\M(cl
\M[col]
Set fill color to col. \M[] restores the previous fill
color, or the default if there is none.
\n[reg]
Interpolate register reg.
\On
\O[n] Suppress troff output of glyphs and geometric objects. The
sequences \O2, \O3, \O4, and \O5 are intended for internal
use by grohtml(1).
\O0
\O1 Disable and enable, respectively, the emission of
glyphs and geometric objects to the output driver,
provided that this sequence occurs at the outermost
suppression level (see \O3 and \O4). Horizontal
motions corresponding to non-overstruck glyph widths
still occur. These sequences also reset the
registers opminx, opminy, opmaxx, and opmaxy to -1.
These four registers mark the top left and bottom
right hand corners of a box encompassing all written
or drawn output.
\O2 At the outermost suppression level, enable emission
of glyphs and geometric objects, and write to the
standard error stream the page number and values of
the four aforementioned registers encompassing
glyphs written since the last interpolation of a \O
sequence, as well as the page offset, line length,
image file name (if any), horizontal and vertical
device motion quanta, and input file name. Numeric
values are in basic units.
\O3
\O4 Begin and end a nested suppression level,
respectively. grohtml uses this mechanism to create
images of output preprocessed with pic, eqn, and
tbl. At startup, troff is at the outermost
suppression level. pre-grohtml generates these
sequences when processing the document, using troff
with the ps output device, Ghostscript, and the PNM
tools to produce images in PNG format. These
sequences start a new page if the device is not html
or xhtml, to reduce the number of images crossing a
page boundary.
\O5[Pfile]
At the outermost suppression level, write the name
file to the standard error stream at position P,
which must be one of l, r, c, or i, corresponding to
left, right, centered, and inline alignments within
the document, respectively. file is a name
associated with the production of the next image.
\R'name ±n'
Synonymous with “.nr name ±n”.
\s[0]
\s'0' Restore the previous type size; no operation if there is
none.
\s[±n]
\s±[n]
\s'±n'
\s±'n' Set the type size to, or increment or decrement it by,
n typographical points.
\Ve
\V(ev
\V[env]
Interpolate contents of the system environment variable env
(one-character name e, two-character name ev) as returned
by getenv(3). \V is interpreted even in copy mode.
\X'character-sequence'
Unlike AT&T troff, GNU troff performs some limited
processing of the sequence of ordinary characters, special
characters, and spaces in character-sequence.
The formatter's special character repertoire is unknown to
output drivers outside of glyphs named in a device's fonts,
and even then they may not possess complete coverage of the
names documented in groff_char(7). Further, escape
sequences that produce horizontal or vertical motions,
hyphenation breaks, or that are dummy characters may appear
in strings or be converted to nodes, particularly in
diversions. When they occur in a device extension command,
they produce warnings in category “char”. These are not
representable when interpolated directly into device-
independent output, as might be done when writing out tag
names for PDF bookmarks, which can appear in a viewer's
navigation pane. This is also the case for a small number
of special characters, such as \[ru], the baseline rule,
that lack a Unicode definition.
So that any Unicode code point can be represented in device
extension commands, for example in an author's name in
document metadata or as a usefully named bookmark or
hyperlink anchor, GNU troff transforms its argument to
represent characters outside the Unicode Basic Latin range
as Unicode code points expressed in groff's notation for
these, “\[uXXXX]”; see groff_char(7). For these
transformations, the formatter ignores character
translations and definitions.
GNU troff converts several ordinary characters that typeset
as non-basic Latin code points to code points outside that
range so that they are used consistently whether they are
formatted as glyphs or used in a device extension command
argument. These ordinary characters are “'”, “-”, “^”,
“`”, and “~”; others are written as-is. Thus, “'”
transforms to “\[u2019]”.
Contrariwise, GNU troff translates special characters that
typeset as Unicode basic Latin characters to basic Latin
characters accordingly. Thus, “\[ga]” transforms to “`”,
“\[Do]” to “$”, and so on.
\Ym
\Y(ma
\Y[mac]
Interpolate a macro or string as a device extension
command. As \X'\*[mac]', except that GNU troff does not
interpret the contents of mac; further, mac can be a macro
and thus contain newlines, unlike the argument to \X .
This inclusion of newlines requires an extension to the
AT&T troff device-independent page description language,
and their presence confuses drivers that do not know about
it (see subsection “Device control commands” of
groff_out(5)).
\Z'anything'
Save the drawing position, format anything (except tabs and
leaders), then restore it.
\# Read everything up to and including the next newline in
copy mode and discard it. \# is like \", except that \"
does not ignore a newline; the latter therefore cannot be
used by itself for a whole-line comment—it leaves a blank
line on the input stream.
\$0 Interpolate the name by which the macro being interpreted
was called. In GNU troff this name can vary; see the als
request.
\$(nn
\$[nnn]
In a macro or string definition, interpolate the nnth or
nnnth argument. In GNU troff, macros and strings can have
an unlimited number of arguments.
\$* In a macro or string definition, interpolate the catenation
of all arguments, separated by spaces.
\$@ In a macro or string definition, interpolate the catenation
of all arguments, with each surrounded by double quotes and
separated by spaces.
\$^ In a macro or string definition, interpolate the catenation
of all arguments constructed in a form suitable for passage
to the ds request.
\) Interpolate a transparent dummy character—one that is
ignored by end-of-sentence detection. It behaves as \&,
except that \& is treated as letters and numerals normally
are after “.”, “?”, and “!”; \& cancels end-of-sentence
detection, and \) does not.
\*[string [arg ...]]
Interpolate string, passing it arg ... as arguments.
\/ Apply an italic correction: modify the spacing of the
preceding glyph so that the distance between it and the
following glyph is correct if the latter is of upright
shape. For example, if an italic “f” is followed
immediately by a roman right parenthesis, then in many
fonts the top right portion of the “f” overlaps the top of
the right parenthesis, which is ugly. Inserting \/ between
them avoids this problem. Consider using \/ whenever a
slanted glyph is immediately followed by an upright glyph
without any intervening space.
\, Apply a left italic correction: modify the spacing of the
following glyph so that the distance between it and the
preceding glyph is correct if the latter is of upright
shape. For example, if a roman left parenthesis is
immediately followed by an italic “f”, then in many fonts
the bottom left portion of the “f” overlaps the bottom of
the left parenthesis, which is ugly. Inserting \, between
them avoids this problem. Consider using \, whenever an
upright glyph is followed immediately by a slanted glyph
without any intervening space.
\: Insert a non-printing break point. That is, a word can
break there, but the soft hyphen character does not mark
the break point if it does (in contrast to “\%”). The
remainder of the word is subject to hyphenation as normal.
\?anything\?
Suppress formatting of anything. This feature has two
applications.
Surround operands to the output comparison operator with \?
to compare them by character rather than as formatted
output. Since GNU troff reads comparands protected with \?
in copy mode, they need not even be valid groff syntax.
The escape character is still lexically recognized,
however, and consumes the next character.
When used in a diversion, \? transparently embeds input,
read in copy mode, until its own next occurrence on the
input line. Use \! if you want to embed newlines in a
diversion. Unlike \!, \? is interpreted even in copy mode,
and anything in the top-level diversion is not sent to
device-independent output.
\[char]
Typeset the special character char. See groff_char(7).
\[base-char combining-component ...]
Typeset a composite glyph consisting of base-char overlaid
with one or more combining-components. For example,
“\[A ho]” is a capital letter “A” with a “hook accent”
(ogonek). See the composite request below; Groff: The GNU
Implementation of troff, the groff Texinfo manual, for
details of composite glyph name construction; and
groff_char(7) for a list of components used in composite
glyph names.
\~ Insert an adjustable, unbreakable space. As with ordinary
spaces, GNU troff discards any sequence of these at the end
of an output line if a break occurs.
Restricted requests
To mitigate risks from untrusted input documents, GNU troff
disables the cf, pi, and sy requests by default. Its -U option
enables “unsafe mode”, restoring their function (and enabling
additional groff extension requests, “open”, opena, and pso).
Altered requests
.bd special-font font
Stop emboldening special-font when font is selected.
special-font must be a font name, not a mounting position.
.cf ["]file
Break and copy the contents of file as “throughput” to GNU
troff's output. If a diversion is in use, GNU troff
performs the copy only when the diversion is emitted. In
AT&T troff, the contents of file are immediately copied to
the output regardless of whether a diversion is being
written to; this behavior is so anomalous that it must be
considered a bug.
GNU troff removes a leading neutral double quote ‘"’ from
the argument, permitting initial embedded spaces in it, and
reads it to the end of the input line in copy mode. If
file does not exist or is not readable, a warning in
category “file” is emitted and the request has no other
effect.
.de name [end-name]
.am name [end-name]
.ds name [["]contents]
.as name [["]contents]
In compatibility mode, these requests behave as de1, am1,
ds1, and as1, respectively: GNU troff inserts a
compatibility save token at the beginning of the macro,
string, or appendment thereto as applicable and a
compatibility restore token at its end, enabling
compatibility mode during its interpolation. Thus they
work as expected even if the interpolation context disables
compatibility mode.
.hy n New values 16 and 32 are available; the former enables
hyphenation before the last character in a word, and the
latter enables hyphenation after the first character in a
word. If invoked without an argument, the mode configured
by the hydefault request is selected.
.lf input-line-number [["]file-identifier]
In GNU troff the first argument becomes the input line
number of the next line the formatter reads. It also
removes a leading neutral double quote ‘"’ from file-
identifier, permitting initial embedded spaces in it, and
reads it to the end of the input line in copy mode.
.nx [["]file]
GNU troff removes a leading neutral double quote ‘"’ from
file, permitting initial embedded spaces in it, and reads
it to the end of the input line in copy mode.
.pi ["]command
GNU troff strips a leading neutral double quote from the
argument, permitting initial embedded spaces in it.
.pm name ...
GNU troff reports, to the standard error stream, the JSON-
encoded name and contents of each macro, string, or
diversion name.
.so ["]file
GNU troff removes a leading neutral double quote ‘"’ from
file, permitting initial embedded spaces in it, and reads
it to the end of the input line in copy mode. GNU troff
searches for file in any directories specified by -I
command-line options, followed by the current working
directory. If file does not exist or is not readable, GNU
troff emits a warning in category “file”.
.ss word-space-size [additional-sentence-space-size]
A second argument sets the amount of additional space
separating sentences on the same output line. If omitted,
this amount is set to word-space-size. Both arguments are
in twelfths of current font's space width (typically one-
fourth to one-third em for Western scripts; see
groff_font(5)). The default for both parameters is 12.
Negative values are erroneous.
.sy ["]command
GNU troff strips a leading neutral double quote from the
argument, permitting initial embedded spaces in it.
.ta [[n1 n2 ... nn ]T r1 r2 ... rn]
GNU troff supports an extended syntax to specify repeating
tab stops after the “T” mark. These values are always
taken as relative distances from the previous tab stop.
This is the idiomatic way to specify tab stops at equal
intervals in groff. GNU troff's startup value is “T 0.5i”.
The syntax summary above instructs groff to set tabs at
positions n1, n2, ..., nn, then at nn+r1, nn+r2, ...,
nn+rn, then at nn+rn+r1, nn+rn+r2, ..., nn+rn+rn, and so
on.
New requests
Several GNU troff requests work like AT&T troff's “as” and ds
requests, accepting an optional leading neutral double quote,
notated ‘["]’, in an argument that the formatter reads in copy
mode to the end of the input line, permitting inclusion of leading
spaces.
.aln new-register existing-register
Create alias (additional name) new-register of existing-
register. If existing-register is undefined, GNU troff
produces a warning in category “reg” and ignores the
request. See section “Warnings” of groff(1) regarding the
enablement and suppression of warnings. To remove a
register alias, invoke rr on its name. A register's
contents do not become inaccessible until it has no more
names.
.als new-name existing-name
Create alias (additional name) new-name of request, string,
macro, or diversion existing-name, causing the names to
refer to the same stored object. If existing-name is
undefined, GNU troff produces a warning in category “mac”
and ignores the request. If new-name already exists, its
contents are lost unless already aliased. See section
“Warnings” of groff(1) regarding the enablement and
suppression of warnings. To remove an alias, invoke rm on
its name. The object itself is not destroyed until it has
no more names.
When a request, macro, string, or diversion is aliased,
redefinitions and appendments “write through” alias names.
To replace an alias with a separately defined object,
remove its name first.
.am1 name [end-name]
As “am”, but GNU troff disables compatibility mode while
interpreting the appendment to name: it inserts a
compatibility save token at the beginning of the
appendment, and a compatibility restore token at its end.
The requests “am”, am1, de, and de1 can thus be intermixed
freely since the compatibility save/restore tokens affect
only the parts of the macro populated by am1 and de1.
.ami name [end-name]
Append to macro indirectly. See dei below.
.ami1 name [end-name]
As ami, but GNU troff disables compatibility mode while
interpreting the appendment to the macro named by the
contents of string name; see am1 above.
.as1 name [["]contents]
As “as”, but GNU troff disables compatibility mode while
interpreting the appendment to the string name: it inserts
a compatibility save token at the beginning of the
appendment, and a compatibility restore token at its end.
The requests “as”, as1, ds, and ds1 can thus be intermixed
freely since the compatibility save/restore tokens affect
only the portions of the string populated by as1 and ds1.
.asciify div
Unformat the diversion div in a way such that Unicode basic
Latin (US-ASCII) characters, characters translated with the
trin request, space characters, and some escape sequences
that were formatted in the diversion div are treated like
ordinary input characters when div is interpolated. Doing
so can be useful in conjunction with the writem request.
asciify cannot return all nodes in a diversion to their
source equivalents: those produced by indexed characters
(\N), for example, remain nodes, so the result cannot be
guaranteed to be a character sequence as a macro or string
is. Give the diversion name as an argument to the pm
request to inspect its contents and node list. Glyph
parameters such as the type face and size are not
preserved; use “unformat” to achieve that.
.backtrace
Write backtrace of input stack to the standard error
stream. See the -b option of troff(1).
.blm [name]
Set a blank line macro (trap). If a blank line macro is
thus defined, groff executes name when a blank line is
encountered in the input, instead of the usual behavior. A
line consisting only of spaces is also treated as blank and
subject to this trap. If no argument is supplied, the
default blank line behavior is (re-)established.
.box [name]
.boxa [name]
Divert (or append) output to name, similarly to the di and
da requests, respectively. Any pending output line is not
included in the diversion. Without an argument, stop
diverting output; any pending output line inside the
diversion is discarded.
.break Exit a “while” loop. Do not confuse this request with a
typographical break or the br request. See “continue”.
.brp Break and adjust line; this is the AT&T troff escape
sequence \p in request form.
.cflags n c1 c2 ...
Assign properties encoded by the number n to characters c1,
c2, and so on. Characters, whether ordinary, special, or
indexed, have certain associated properties. The first
argument is the sum of the desired flags and the remaining
arguments are the characters to be assigned those
properties. Spaces need not separate the cn arguments.
Any argument cn can be a character class defined with the
class request rather than an individual character.
The non-negative integer n is the sum of any of the
following. Some combinations are nonsensical, such as “33”
(1 + 32).
1 Recognize the character as ending a sentence if
followed by a newline or two spaces. Initially,
characters “.?!” have this property.
2 Enable breaks before the character. A line is not
broken at a character with this property unless the
characters on each side both have non-zero
hyphenation codes. This exception can be overridden
by adding 64. Initially, no characters have this
property.
4 Enable breaks after the character. A line is not
broken at a character with this property unless the
characters on each side both have non-zero
hyphenation codes. This exception can be overridden
by adding 64. Initially, characters “-\[hy]\[em]”
have this property.
8 Mark the glyph associated with this character as
overlapping other instances of itself horizontally.
Initially, characters
“\[ul]\[rn]\[ru]\[radicalex]\[sqrtex]” have this
property.
16 Mark the glyph associated with this character as
overlapping other instances of itself vertically.
Initially, the character “\[br]” has this property.
32 Mark the character as transparent for the purpose of
end-of-sentence recognition. In other words, an
end-of-sentence character followed by any number of
characters with this property is treated as the end
of a sentence if followed by a newline or two
spaces. This is the same as having a zero space
factor in TeX. Initially, characters
“'")]*\[dg]\[dd]\[rq]\[cq]” have this property.
64 Ignore hyphenation codes of the surrounding
characters. Use this value in combination with
values 2 and 4. Initially, no characters have this
property.
The remaining values were implemented for East Asian
language support; those who use alphabetic scripts
exclusively can disregard them.
128 Prohibit a break before the character, but allow a
break after the character. This works only in
combination with values 256 and 512 and has no
effect otherwise. Initially, no characters have
this property.
256 Prohibit a break after the character, but allow a
break before the character. This works only in
combination with values 128 and 512 and has no
effect otherwise. Initially, no characters have
this property.
512 Allow a break before or after the character. This
works only in combination with values 128 and 256
and has no effect otherwise. Initially, no
characters have this property.
In contrast to values 2 and 4, the values 128, 256, and 512
work pairwise. If, for example, the left character has
value 512, and the right character 128, no break will be
automatically inserted between them. If we use value 6
instead for the left character, a break after the character
can't be suppressed since the neighboring character on the
right doesn't get examined.
.char c [["]contents]
Define an ordinary, special, or indexed character c as
contents. Omitting contents gives c an empty definition.
Defining (or redefining) a character c creates a formatter
object that is recognized like any other ordinary, special,
or indexed character on input, and produces contents on
output. When formatting c, GNU troff processes contents in
a temporary environment and encapsulates the result in a
node (see section “Gtroff Internals” in Groff: The GNU
Implementation of troff, the groff Texinfo manual);
disabling compatibility mode and setting the escape
character to to \ while interpreting contents. Any
emboldening, constant spacing, or track kerning applies to
this object rather than to individual glyphs resulting from
the formatting of contents.
A character defined by char can be used just like a glyph
provided by the output device. In particular, other
characters can be translated to it with the tr request; it
can be made the tab or leader fill character with the tc
and lc requests; sequences of it can be drawn with the \l
and \L escape sequences; and, if the hcode request is used
on c, it is subject to automatic hyphenation.
However, a user-defined character c does not participate at
its boundaries in kerning adjustments or italic
corrections.
The formatter prevents infinite recursion by treating an
occurrence of a character in its own definition as if were
undefined; when interpolating such a character, GNU troff
emits a warning in category “char”. (Mutually recursive
character definitions are handled similarly.)
The tr and trin requests take precedence if char also
applies to c. The rchar request removes character
definitions.
.chop name
Remove the last character from the macro, string, or
diversion name. This is useful for removing the newline
from the end of a diversion that is to be interpolated as a
string. This request can be used repeatedly on the same
name; see section “Gtroff Internals” in Groff: The GNU
Implementation of troff, the groff Texinfo manual, for
discussion of nodes inserted by groff.
.class ident c ...
Define a character class (or simply “class”) ident
comprising the characters or range expressions c. A class
thus defined can then be referred to in lieu of listing all
the characters within it. Currently, only the cflags
request can handle references to character classes. In the
request's simplest form, each c is an ordinary or special
character.
Since class and special character names share the same name
space, we recommend starting and ending the class name with
“[” and “]”, respectively, to avoid collisions with
existing character names defined by groff or the user (with
char and related requests). This practice applies the
presence of “]” in the class name to prevent the usage of
the special character escape form “\[...]”, thus you must
use the \C escape sequence to access a class with such a
name.
You can also use a character range expression consisting of
a start character followed by “-” and then an end
character. Internally, GNU troff converts these two
character names to Unicode code points (according to the
groff glyph list [GGL]), which determine the start and end
values of the range. If that fails, the class definition
is skipped. Furthermore, classes can be nested.
If you want to include “-” in a class, it must be the first
character value in the argument list, otherwise it gets
misinterpreted as part of the range syntax.
It is not possible to use class names as end points of
range definitions.
Typically, one sets up a character class to then apply
breaking and hyphenation properties to it with the cflags
request.
.close stream
Close the named stream, invalidating it as an argument to
the “write” request. See “open”.
.composite c1 c2
Map ordinary or special character c1 to c2 when c1 is a
combining component in a composite character. Typically,
composite is used to map a spacing character to a combining
one. See groff_char(7).
.continue
Skip the remainder of a “while” loop's body, immediately
retesting its conditional expression. See “break” above.
.color [b]
Enable or disable output of color-related device-
independent output commands per Boolean expression b. It
is enabled by default, and if b is omitted.
.cp [b]
Enable or disable AT&T troff compatibility mode per Boolean
expression b. It is disabled by default, and enabled if b
is omitted. In compatibility mode, long names are not
recognized, and the incompatibilities they cause do not
arise.
.defcolor ident scheme color-component ...
Define a color named ident. scheme identifies a color
space and determines the number of required color-
components; it must be one of “rgb” (three components),
“cmy” (three components), “cmyk” (four components), or
“gray” (one component). “grey” is accepted as a synonym of
“gray”. Each color component can be encoded as a
hexadecimal value starting with # or ##. The former
indicates that each component is in the range 0–255 (0–FF),
the latter the range 0–65535 (0–FFFF). Alternatively, a
component can be specified as a decimal fraction in the
range 0–1, interpreted using a default scaling unit of “f”,
which multiplies its value by 65,536 (but clamps it at
65,535).
Each output device has a color named “default”, which
cannot be redefined. A device's default stroke and fill
colors are not necessarily the same.
.de1 ident [end-name]
As “de”, but GNU troff disables compatibility mode while
interpreting name: it inserts a compatibility save token at
the beginning of the macro definition, and a compatibility
restore token at its end. See .am1 above.
.dei name [end-name]
Define macro indirectly, with the name of the macro to be
defined in string name and the name of the end macro
terminating its definition in string end-name.
.dei1 name [end-name]
As dei, but GNU troff disables compatibility mode while
interpreting the macro named by the contents of string
name. See am1 and de1 above.
.device [["]character-sequence]
Write character-sequence, a sequence of ordinary or special
characters and spaces read in copy mode, to troff output as
the argument to a device extension command.
.devicem name
Write contents of macro or string name to troff output as
the argument to a device extension command.
.do name [argument ...]
Interpret the string, request, diversion, or macro name
(along with any further arguments) with compatibility mode
disabled. Compatibility mode is restored (only if it was
active) when the interpolation of name is interpreted; that
is, the restored compatibility state applies to the request
or contents of the macro, string, or diversion name, its
arguments, and data read from files or pipes if name is the
“so”, soquiet, mso, msoquiet, or pso request.
.ds1 name [["]contents]
As ds, but GNU troff disables AT&T compatibility mode while
interpreting name: it inserts a “compatibility save” token
at the beginning of contents, and a “compatibility restore”
token after it.
.ecr Restore the escape character saved with ecs, or set escape
character to “\” if none has been saved.
.ecs Save the current escape character.
.evc env
Copy the properties of environment env to the current
environment, except for:
• a partially collected line, if present;
• the interruption status of the previous input line (due
to use of the \c escape sequence);
• the count of remaining lines to center, to right-align,
or to underline (with or without underlined
spaces)—these are set to zero;
• the activation status of temporary indentation;
• input traps and their associated data;
• the activation status of line numbering (which can be
reactivated with “.nm +0”); and
• the count of consecutive hyphenated lines (set to zero).
Copying an environment to itself discards the foregoing
data.
.fam [fml]
Set default font family to fml. With no argument, the
previous font family is selected, and if none, the
formatter's default family. This default is “T” (Times),
but can be overridden by the output device—see
groff_font(5). The default font family is associated with
the environment. See \F.
.fchar c [["]contents]
Define fallback character c as contents. As char, but
while that request hides a glyph with the same name in the
selected font, fchar definitions are used only if the font
lacks a glyph for c. GNU troff performs this test before
searching special fonts.
.fcolor [col]
Select col as the environment's fill color, or, without an
argument, restore the previous fill color, or the default
if there is none.
.fschar f c [["]contents]
Define fallback special character c for font f as contents.
As char, but GNU troff locates a character defined by
fschar after any fonts named as arguments to the fspecial
are searched and before those named as arguments to the
“special” request.
.fspecial fnt [sfnt ...]
When font fnt is selected, treat each font sfnt as special;
that is, search it for any glyph not found in f. GNU troff
searches fonts specified as arguments to the “special”
request after those given as arguments to the fspecial
request. Without sfnt arguments, fspecial empties the list
of fonts treated as special when font fnt is selected.
Initially, this list is empty for all fonts.
.ftr f [g]
Translate font f to g. Whenever a font named f is referred
to in an \f escape sequence, in the F and S conditional
expression operators, or in the ft, ul, bd, cs, tkf,
“special”, fspecial, fp, or sty requests, font g is used.
If g is missing or identical to f, then font f is not
translated.
.fzoom f [zoom]
Set zoom factor zoom for font f. zoom must a non-negative
integer; it scales the magnification by thousandths with
1000 as a basis. If zoom is missing or equal to zero or
1000, font f is not magnified. f must be a resolved font
name, not an abstract style or mounting position.
.gcolor [col]
Select col as the environment's stroke color, or, without
an argument, restore the previous stroke color, or the
default if there is none.
.hcode dst1 src1 [dst2 src2] ...
Set the hyphenation code of character dst1 to that of src1,
and so on. dst1 must be an ordinary character (other than
a numeral) or a special character, and src1 must be an
ordinary character (other than a numeral) or a special
character to which a hyphenation code has already been
applied. Assigning the code of an ordinary character to
itself effectively creates a unique hyphenation code (which
can then be copied to others). hcode ignores spaces
between arguments. If any argument is invalid, hcode
reports an error and stops reading them.
.hla [lang]
Set the hyphenation language to lang, or clear it if there
is no argument. Hyphenation exceptions specified with the
hw request and hyphenation patterns and exceptions
specified with the hpf and hpfa requests are associated
with the hyphenation language. The hla request is usually
invoked by a localization file, which is in turn loaded by
the troffrc or troffrc-end file; see the hpf request below.
The hyphenation language is associated with the
environment.
.hlm [n]
Set the consecutive automatically hyphenated line limit to
n. A negative value means “no limit”. Omitting n implies
a limit of -1. This value is associated with the
environment. Only lines output from a given environment
count toward the maximum associated with that environment.
Hyphens resulting from \% are counted; explicit hyphens are
not.
.hpf ["]pattern-file
Read hyphenation patterns from pattern-file. This file is
sought in the same way that macro files are with the mso
request.
The pattern-file should have the same format as (simple)
TeX pattern files. The following scanning rules are
implemented.
• A percent sign starts a comment (up to the end of the
line) even if preceded by a backslash.
• “Digraphs” like \$ are not supported.
• “^^xx” (where each x is 0–9 or a–f) and ^^c (character c
in the code point range 0–127 decimal) are recognized;
other uses of ^ cause an error.
• No macro expansion is performed.
• hpf checks for the expression \patterns{...} (possibly
with whitespace before or after the braces). Everything
between the braces is taken as hyphenation patterns.
Consequently, “{” and “}” are not allowed in patterns.
• Similarly, \hyphenation{...} gives a list of hyphenation
exceptions.
• \endinput is recognized also.
• For backward compatibility, if \patterns is missing, the
whole file is treated as a list of hyphenation patterns
(but the “%” character is still recognized as the start
of a comment).
Use the hcode request (see above) to map the encoding used
in hyphenation pattern files to groff's input encoding.
The set of hyphenation patterns is associated with the
hyphenation language set by the hla request. The hpf
request is usually invoked by a localization file loaded by
the troffrc file. By default, troffrc loads the
localization file for English. See subsection
“Localization packages” of groff_tmac(5) for a list of
available localization files. For Western languages, the
localization file sets the hyphenation mode and loads
hyphenation patterns and exceptions.
A second call to hpf (for the same language) replaces the
old patterns with the new ones.
Invoking hpf causes an error if there is no hyphenation
language.
If no hpf request is specified (either in the document, in
a file loaded at startup, or in a macro package), GNU troff
won't automatically hyphenate at all.
.hpfa ["]pattern-file
As hpf, except that the hyphenation patterns and exceptions
from pattern-file are appended to the patterns already
applied to the hyphenation language of the environment.
.hpfcode a b [c d] ...
Caution: This request will be withdrawn in a future groff
release. Use hcode instead.
Define mapping values for character codes in pattern files.
hpf or hpfa apply the mapping after reading or appending to
the active list of patterns. Its arguments are pairs of
character codes—integers from 0 to 255. The request maps
character code a to code b, code c to code d, and so on.
Character codes that would otherwise be invalid in GNU
troff can be used. By default, every code maps to itself
except those for letters “A” to “Z”, which map to those for
“a” to “z”.
.hydefault mode
Set hyphenation mode default to mode. When the hy request
is invoked without an argument, this mode is selected. The
hyphenation mode default is associated with the
environment. The formatter's default is 1 for AT&T troff
compatibility. groff locale files generally set a more
appropriate one; see groff_tmac(5).
.hym [length]
Set the (right) hyphenation margin to length. If the
adjustment mode is not “b” or “n”, the line is not
hyphenated if it is shorter than length. Without an
argument, the default hyphenation margin is reset to its
default value, 0. The default scaling unit is “m”. The
hyphenation margin is associated with the environment. A
negative argument resets the hyphenation margin to zero,
emitting a warning in category “range”.
.hys [hyphenation-space]
Suppress hyphenation of the line in adjustment modes “b” or
“n”, if that adjustment can be achieved by adding no more
than hyphenation-space extra space to each inter-word
space. Without an argument, the hyphenation space
adjustment threshold is set to its default value, 0. The
default scaling unit is “m”. The hyphenation space
adjustment threshold is associated with the environment. A
negative argument resets the hyphenation space adjustment
threshold to zero, emitting a warning in category “range”.
.itc n [name]
As “it”, but lines interrupted with the \c escape sequence
are not applied to the line count.
.kern [b]
Enable or disable pairwise kerning of glyphs in the
environment per Boolean expression b. It is enabled by
default, and if b is omitted.
.length reg [["]contents]
Compute the number of characters in contents and store the
count in the register reg. If reg doesn't exist, GNU troff
creates it.
Caution: If you interpolate a macro or diversion in
contents (see section “Punning Names” in groff(7)), the
length request counts characters (or nodes) only up to the
first newline, and leaves the rest on the input stream. In
conventional circumstances, that means the remainder is
interpreted, and may be formatted. To discover the length
of any string, macro, or diversion, use the pm request.
See section “Debugging” below.
.linetabs [b]
Activate or deactivate line-tabs in the environment per
Boolean expression b. They are inactive by default, and
activated if b is omitted. When line-tabs are active, tab
stops are computed relative to the start of the pending
output line instead of the drawing position corresponding
to the start of the input line.
.lsm [name]
Set a leading space trap, calling the macro name when GNU
troff encounters leading spaces on a text line; the
implicit line break that normally happens in this case is
suppressed. The formatter stores the count of leading
spaces on the text line in register lsn, and the amount of
corresponding horizontal motion in register lss,
irrespective of whether a leading space trap is set. When
it is, GNU troff removes the leading spaces from the input
line and produces no motion before calling name.
If no argument is supplied, GNU troff reëstablishes the
default handling of leading spaces on text lines (breaking
the line when filling, and formatting a horizontal motion
of \n[lsn] word spaces).
.mso ["]file
As “so”, except that GNU troff searches for the specified
file in the same directories as macro files; see
GROFF_TMAC_PATH in section “Environment” of groff(1) and -m
in section “Options” of the same page. If file does not
exist or is not readable, a warning in category “file” is
emitted and the request has no other effect.
.msoquiet ["]file
As mso, but no warning is emitted if file does not exist.
.nop [anything]
Interpret anything as if it were an input line. nop
resembles “.if 1”; it puts a break on the output if
anything is empty. Unlike “if”, it cannot govern
conditional blocks. Its application is to maintain
consistent indentation within macro definitions even when
formatting output.
.nroff Make the n conditional expression evaluate true and t
false. See troff.
.open ident ["]file
Open file for writing and associate a stream named ident
with it, making it available for “write” requests. Unsafe
request; disabled by default. Also see writec and “close”.
.opena ident ["]file
As “open”, but if file already exists, GNU troff appends to
it instead of overwriting it.
.output ["]character-sequence
Emit character-sequence, a sequence of ordinary characters
and spaces read in copy mode, “transparently” (directly) to
troff's output. This usage is similar to that of \! in the
top-level diversion.
.pchar c ...
Report, to the standard error stream, information about
each ordinary, special, or indexed character c. A
character defined by a request (char, fchar, fschar, or
schar) reports its contents as a JSON-encoded string, but
the output is not otherwise in JSON format.
.pcolor [col ...]
Report, to the standard error stream, each defined color
named col, its color space identifier, and channel value
assignments, or, without arguments, those of all defined
colors. A device's default stroke and/or fill colors,
“default”, are not listed since they are immutable and
their details unknown to the formatter.
.pcomposite
Report, to the standard error stream, the list of
configured composite character mappings. See “composite”
above. The “from” code point is listed first, followed by
its “to” mapping.
.pev Report the state of the current environment followed by
that of all other environments to the standard error
stream.
.pfp Report, to the standard error stream, the list of occupied
font mounting positions. Occupied mounting positions are
listed, one per line, in increasing order, followed by the
typeface name; if the name corresponds to an abstract
style, the entry ends there. Otherwise, the name of the
font description file and the font's “internal name” datum,
the meaning of which varies by output device, follow.
.pftr Report, to the standard error stream, the list of font
translations. See pftr above. The “from” font identifier
is listed first, followed by its “to” translation.
.phw Report, to the standard error stream, the list of
hyphenation exceptions associated with the current
hyphenation language. Each hyphenation point is marked
with “-”. Words that will not be hyphenated at all are
prefixed with “-”. Those to which the automatic
hyphenation mode applies (meaning those defined in a
hyphenation pattern file rather than with the hw request)
are suffixed with a tab and asterisk (*).
.pline Report, in JSON syntax to the standard error stream, the
list of output nodes corresponding to the pending output
line. In JSON, a pair of empty brackets “[ ]” represents
an empty list. A pending output line has not yet undergone
adjustment, and lacks a line number and margin character
(all as applicable).
.pnr [reg ...]
Report the name and value and, if its type is numeric, the
autoincrement amount and assigned format of each register
reg, or, without arguments, those of all defined registers,
to the standard error stream.
.psbb file
Get the bounding box of a PostScript image file. This file
must conform to Adobe's Document Structuring Conventions;
the request attempts to extract the bounding box values
from a %%BoundingBox comment. After invocation, the x and
y coordinates (in PostScript units) of the lower left and
upper right corners can be found in the registers \n[llx],
\n[lly], \n[urx], and \n[ury], respectively. If an error
occurs, these four registers are set to zero.
.pso ["]command
As “so”, except that input comes from the standard output
stream of command, which is passed to popen(3).
.pstream
Report, in JSON syntax to the standard error stream, the
list of open streams, including the name of each open
stream, the name of the file backing it, and its mode
(writing or appending).
.ptr Report the names and vertical positions of all page
location traps to the standard error stream. GNU troff
reports empty slots in the list, where a trap had been
planted but subsequently (re)moved, because they can affect
the visibility of subsequently planted traps.
.pvs ±n
Set the post-vertical line spacing to n; default scaling
unit is “p”. With no argument, the post-vertical line
space is set to its previous value.
In GNU troff, the distance between text baselines consists
of the extra pre-vertical line spacing set by the most
negative \x argument on the pending output line, the
vertical spacing (vs), the extra post-vertical line spacing
set by the most positive \x argument on the pending output
line, and the post-vertical line spacing set by this
request.
.rchar c ...
Remove definition of each ordinary, special, or indexed
character c, undoing the effect of a char, fchar, or schar
request. The character definition removed (if any) is the
first encountered in the resolution process documented in
section “Using Symbols” of Groff: The GNU Implementation of
troff. Glyphs, which are defined by font description
files, cannot be removed. Spaces need not separate the cn
arguments.
.return [anything]
In a macro definition, stop interpretation, skipping to its
end. Do not confuse “return” with rt. If called with an
argument anything, the skip is performed twice—once within
the macro being interpreted and once in an enclosing macro,
permitting a macro to wrap the request.
.rfschar f c ...
Remove each fallback special character c for font f.
Spaces need not separate c arguments. See fschar.
.rj [n]
Break, right-align the next n (default: 1) input lines,
then break again. rj implies “.ce 0”, and ce implies “.rj
0”. Invoking the request with the no-break control
character suppresses the first break.
.rnn r1 r2
Rename register r1 to r2. If r1 doesn't exist, the request
is ignored.
.schar c [["]contents]
Define global fallback character c as contents. As char,
but GNU troff locates a character defined with schar after
any fonts named as arguments to the “special” request and
before any mounted special fonts.
.shc [c]
Set the soft hyphen character, inserted when a word is
hyphenated automatically or at a hyphenation character,
to c. If c is omitted, the soft hyphen character is set to
the default, \[hy]. If the selected glyph does not exist
in the font in use at a potential hyphenation point, then
the line is not broken at that point. Neither character
definitions (char and similar) nor translations (tr and
similar) are considered when assigning the soft hyphen
character.
.shift [n]
In a macro definition, shift arguments by n positions:
argument i becomes argument i-n; arguments 1 to n are no
longer available. If n is missing, arguments are shifted
by 1.
.sizes s1 s2 ... sn [0]
Set the available type sizes to s1, s2, ... sn scaled
points. The list of sizes can be terminated by an
optional “0”. Each si can also be a range m–n. In
contrast to the device description file directive of the
same name (see groff_font(5)), the argument list can't
extend over more than one line.
.soquiet ["]file
As “so”, but no warning is emitted if file does not exist.
.special [s ...]
Declare each font s as special, searching it for glyphs not
found in the selected font. Without arguments, “special”
empties this list of special fonts. Initially, this list
is empty.
.spreadwarn [limit]
Emit a “break” warning if the additional space inserted for
each space between words in an output line adjusted to both
margins with “.ad b” is larger than or equal to limit. A
negative value is treated as zero; an absent argument
toggles the warning on and off without changing limit. The
default scaling unit is m. At startup, spreadwarn is
inactive and limit is 3 m.
For example, “.spreadwarn 0.2m” warns if troff must add
0.2 m or more to each inter-word space in a line.
.stringdown str
.stringup str
Alter the string named str by replacing each of its bytes
with its lowercase (down) or uppercase (up) version (if one
exists). Special characters (see groff_char(7)) will often
transform in the expected way due to the regular naming
convention for accented characters. When they do not, use
substrings and/or catenation.
.sty pos style
Associate abstract style with non-negative font mounting
position pos.
.substring str start [end]
Replace the string named str with its substring bounded by
the indices start and end, inclusively. The first
character in the string has index 0. Negative indices
count backward from the end of the string: the last
character has index -1, the character before the last has
index -2, and so on. If end is omitted, -1 is implied.
.tkf f s1 n1 s2 n2
Enable track kerning for font f. When the current font
is f, the width of every glyph is increased by an amount
between n1 and n2; when the current type size is less than
or equal to s1, the width is increased by n1; when it is
greater than or equal to s2, the width is increased by n2;
when the type size is greater than or equal to s1 and less
than or equal to s2, the increase in width is a linear
function of the type size.
.tm1 [["]message]
As tm, but removes a leading neutral double quote ‘"’ from
message, permitting initial embedded spaces in it.
.tmc [["]message]
As tm1, but does not append a newline.
.trf file
Break and copy file as “throughput” to GNU troff output,
discarding characters that are invalid as input; contrast
with cf. Each line of file is output as if preceded by \!,
but is not interpreted by the formatter. If file does not
end with a newline, trf appends one. Invoking the request
with the no-break control character suppresses the break.
.trin abcd
As the tr request, but the asciify request uses the
character code (if any) before the character translation.
.trnt abcd
As the tr request, but the translations do not apply to
text that is transparently throughput into a diversion with
\!.
.troff Make the t conditional expression evaluate true and n
false. See nroff.
.unformat div
Unformat the diversion div. Unlike asciify, “unformat”
handles only tabs and spaces between words, the latter
usually arising from spaces or newlines in the input. Tabs
are treated as input tokens, and spaces become adjustable
again. The vertical sizes of lines are not preserved, but
glyph information (font, type size, space width, and so on)
is retained.
.vpt [b]
Enable or disable vertical position traps per Boolean
expression b. They are enabled by default, and if b is
omitted. Vertical position traps are those set by the ch,
wh, and dt requests. Vertical position trap enablement is
global.
.warn [n]
Select the categories, or “types”, of reported warnings.
n is the sum of the numeric codes associated with each
warning category that is to be enabled; all other
categories are disabled. The categories and their
associated codes are listed in section “Warnings” of
troff(1). For example, “.warn 0” disables all warnings,
and “.warn 1” disables all warnings except those about
missing glyphs. If no argument is given, all warning
categories are enabled.
.warnscale scaling-unit
Select scaling unit used in certain warnings (one of u, i,
c, p, or P; default: i). Ignored on nroff-mode output
devices, for which these diagnostics report the vertical
page location in lines, and the horizontal page location in
ens.
.while cond-expr anything
Evaluate the conditional expression cond-expr, and
repeatedly execute anything unless and until cond-expr
evaluates false. anything, which is often a conditional
block, is referred to as the “while” request's body.
GNU troff treats the body of a “while” request similarly to
that of a de request (albeit one not read in copy mode),
but stores it under an internal name and deletes it when
the loop finishes. The operation of a macro containing a
“while” request can slow significantly if its body is
large. Each time the macro is executed, the “while” body
is parsed and stored again. An often better solution—and
one that is more portable, since AT&T troff lacked the
“while” request—is to instead write a recursive macro. It
will be parsed only once (unless you redefine it). To
prevent infinite loops, the default number of available
recursion levels is 1,000 or somewhat less (because things
other than macro calls can be on the input stack). You can
disable this protective measure, or alter the limit, by
setting the slimit register. See section “Debugging”
below.
If a “while” body begins with a conditional block, its
closing brace must end an input line.
The “break” and “continue” requests alter a “while” loop's
flow of control.
.write stream [["]character-sequence]
Write character-sequence, a sequence of ordinary
characters, spaces, or tabs read in copy mode, to stream,
which must previously have been the subject of an “open”
(or opena) request, followed by a newline. GNU troff
flushes the stream after writing to it.
.writec stream [["]character-sequence]
As “write”, but does not append a newline to contents.
.writem stream name
Write the contents of the macro or string name to stream,
which must previously have been the subject of an “open”
(or opena) request. The contents of name are read in copy
mode.
Altered registers
\n[.R] Because GNU troff dynamically manages register storage, it
repurposes the .R register to interpolate the maximum
integer representable in the formatter. Favor its use over
numeric literals with many zeroes or nines to indicate an
arbitrary large quantity.
\n[.s] In GNU troff, the .s register is string-valued; it
interpolates the type size in typographical points, which
can be represented as a decimal fraction.
New registers
GNU troff exposes more formatter state via many new read-only
registers. Their names often correspond to the requests that
affect them.
\n[.br]
Within a macro definition, interpolate 1 if the macro is
called with the “normal” control character (“.” by
default), and 0 otherwise. This facility allows requests
to be reliably wrapped by a macro. Interpolating the .br
register outside of a macro definition makes no sense.
\n[.C] Interpolate 1 if AT&T troff compatibility mode is in
effect, 0 otherwise. See cp.
\n[.cdp]
Interpolate depth of last glyph added to the environment.
It is positive if the glyph extends below the baseline.
\n[.ce]
Interpolate count of input lines remaining to be centered
in the environment.
\n[.cht]
Interpolate height of last glyph added to the environment.
It is positive if the glyph extends above the baseline.
\n[.color]
Interpolate 1 if color output is enabled, 0 otherwise.
\n[.cp]
Within a “do” request, interpolate the saved value of
compatibility mode (see \n[.C] above).
\n[.csk]
Interpolate skew of last glyph added to the environment.
The skew of a glyph is how far to the right of the center
of a glyph the center of an accent over that glyph is to be
placed.
\n[.ev]
Interpolate name of current environment. This is a string-
valued register.
\n[.fam]
Interpolate name of the environment's default font family.
This is a string-valued register.
\n[.fn]
Interpolate resolved name of the font selected in the
environment. This is a string-valued register.
\n[.fp]
Interpolate next free non-zero font mounting position.
\n[.g] Interpolate 1. Test with “if” or ie to check whether GNU
troff is the formatter.
\n[.height]
Interpolate the rescaled height of the environment's
selected font, in scaled points. It is zero if the font
height is not rescaled. See \H.
\n[.hla]
Interpolate hyphenation language of the environment. This
is a string-valued register.
\n[.hlc]
Interpolate count of immediately preceding consecutive
hyphenated lines in the environment.
\n[.hlm]
Interpolate maximum number of consecutive hyphenated lines
allowed in the environment.
\n[.hy]
Interpolate automatic hyphenation mode of the environment.
\n[.hydefault]
Interpolate hyphenation mode default of the environment.
\n[.hym]
Inteprolate hyphenation margin of the environment.
\n[.hys]
Interpolate hyphenation space adjustment threshold of the
environment.
\n[.in]
Interpolate indentation amount applicable to the output
line pending in the environment.
\n[.int]
Interpolate 1 if the text most recently formatted in the
environment was “interrupted” or continued with \c,
0 otherwise.
\n[.it]
Interpolate count of input lines remaining in the
environment's pending input trap.
\n[.itc]
Interpolate 1 if the environment's pending input trap
honors the output line continuation escape sequence (\c),
0 otherwise.
\n[.itm]
Interpolate the name of the macro associated with the
environment's pending input trap. This is a string-valued
register.
\n[.kern]
Interpolate 1 if pairwise kerning is enabled, 0 otherwise.
\n[.lg]
Interpolate ligature mode.
\n[.linetabs]
Interpolate 1 if line-tabs mode is enabled in the
environment, 0 otherwise.
\n[.ll]
Interpolate line length applicable to the environment's
pending output line.
\n[.lt]
Interpolate the environment's title line length.
\n[.m] Interpolate name of the environment's selected stroke
color. This is a string-valued register.
\n[.M] Interpolate name of the environment's selected fill color.
This is a string-valued register.
\n[.ne]
Interpolate amount of space demanded by the most recent ne
request that sprang a page location trap. See \n[.trunc].
\n[.nm]
Interpolate 1 if output line numbering is enabled in the
environment (even if temporarily suppressed), 0 otherwise.
\n[.nn]
Interpolate count of lines remaining in the environment for
which numbering is suppressed while output line numbering
is enabled.
\n[.ns]
Interpolate 1 if no-space mode is enabled, 0 otherwise.
\n[.O] Interpolate output suppression level. See \O.
\n[.P] Interpolate 1 if the current page is selected for output,
0 otherwise. See -o command-line option to troff(1).
\n[.pe]
Interpolate 1 during page ejection, 0 otherwise.
\n[.pn]
Interpolate next page number (either that set by pn, or
that of the current page plus 1).
\n[.ps]
Interpolate the environment's type size in scaled points.
\n[.psr]
Interpolate the environment's most recently requested type
size in scaled points.
\n[.pvs]
Interpolate the environment's post-vertical line spacing
amount.
\n[.rj]
Interpolate count of input lines remaining to be right-
aligned in the environment.
\n[.slant]
Interpolate slant in degrees of the environment's selected
font. See \S.
\n[.sr]
Interpolate the environment's most recently requested type
size in typographical points. This is a string-valued
register.
\n[.ss]
\n[.sss]
Interpolate values of the environment's minimum inter-word
space and additional inter-sentence space, respectively, in
twelfths of the space width of the selected font.
\n[.sty]
Interpolate the environment's selected abstract font style,
if any. This is a string-valued register.
\n[.tabs]
Interpolate the environment's tab stop settings (if any) in
a form suitable for passage to the ta request. This is a
string-valued register.
\n[.trap]
Interpolate the name of the next vertical position trap
after the vertical drawing position. This is a string-
valued register.
\n[.trunc]
Interpolate amount of vertical space truncated by the most
recently sprung page location trap, or, if the trap was
sprung by an ne request, minus the amount of vertical
motion produced by the ne request. In other words, at the
point a trap is sprung, \n[.trunc] represents the
difference of what the vertical position would have been
but for the trap, and what the vertical position actually
is. See \n[.ne].
\n[.U] Interpolate 1 if in unsafe mode, 0 otherwise. See -U
command-line option to troff(1).
\n[.vpt]
Interpolate 1 if vertical position traps are enabled,
0 otherwise.
\n[.warn]
Interpolate warning mask. See section “Warnings” of
troff(1).
\n[.x] Interpolate major version number of the running troff
formatter. For example, if the version number is 1.23.0,
then \n[.x] contains 1.
\n[.y] Interpolate minor version number of the running troff
formatter. For example, if the version number is 1.23.0,
then \n[.y] contains 23.
\n[.Y] Interpolate revision number of the running troff formatter.
For example, if the version number is 1.23.0, then \n[.Y]
contains 0.
\n[.zoom]
Interpolate magnification of the environment's selected
font, in thousandths, or 0 if magnification unused. See
fzoom.
The following (writable) registers are set by the psbb request.
\n[llx]
\n[lly]
\n[urx]
\n[ury]
Interpolate the (upper, lower, left, right) bounding box
values (in PostScript units) of the most recently processed
PostScript image.
The following (writable) registers are set by the \w escape
sequence.
\n[rst]
\n[rsb]
Like \n[st] and \n[sb], but taking account of the heights
and depths of glyphs. In other words, these registers
store the highest and lowest vertical positions attained by
the argument formatted by the \w escape sequence, doing
what AT&T troff documented \n[st] and \n[sb] as doing.
\n[ssc]
The amount of (possibly negative) horizontal space to add
to the last glyph before a subscript.
\n[skw]
How far to right of the center of the last glyph in the \w
argument, to place the center of an accent from a roman
font over that glyph.
Other writable registers are as follows. Those relating to date
and time are initialized using localtime(3) at formatter startup.
\n[c.] Interpolate input line number. \n[.c] is a read-only alias
of this register.
\n[hours]
Interpolate number of hours elapsed since midnight.
\n[hp] Interpolate horizontal position relative to that at the
start of the input line.
\n[lsn]
\n[lss]
Interpolate count of leading spaces on input line and
amount of corresponding horizontal motion, respectively.
\n[minutes]
Interpolate number of minutes elapsed in the hour.
\n[seconds]
Interpolate number of seconds elapsed in the minute.
\n[systat]
Interpolate return value of system(3) function executed by
most recent sy request.
\n[slimit]
Interpolates maximum quantity of objects on troff's
internal input stack (default: 1000). If non-positive,
there is no limit: recursion can continue until program
memory is exhausted.
\n[year]
Interpolate Gregorian year. AT&T troff's \n[yr]
interpolates the Gregorian year minus 1900.
Miscellaneous
A font not listed in the output device's DESC file's fonts
directive is automatically mounted at the next available font
position when it is selected. If you mount a font explicitly with
the fp request, you should do so on the first unused position,
which can be found in the .fp register.
Unparameterized string interpolation does not conceal the
arguments to a macro being interpreted. Thus, in a macro
definition, the call of another macro with the existing argument
list,
.xx \\$@
is more efficiently done with
\\*[xx]\\
(that is, with string interpolation). The trailing backslashes
prevent the final newline in the macro definition from being
interpolated, potentially putting an unwanted blank line on the
output. See section “Punning Names” in groff(7).
If a font description file contains pairwise kerning information,
glyphs from that font are kerned. Kerning between two glyphs can
be inhibited by placing a dummy character \& between them.
GNU troff keeps track of the nesting depth of escape sequence
interpolations and other uses of delimiters, as in the tl request
and the output comparison operator (that is, input like 'foo'bar'
as a conditional expression), so the only characters you need to
avoid using as delimiters are those that appear in the arguments
you input, not any that result from interpolation. Typically, '
works fine. Use visible characters as delimiters in GNU troff,
not US-ASCII controls like BEL (Control+G). The implementation of
\$@ ensures that the double quotes surrounding an argument appear
at an interpolation depth different from that of the arguments
themselves. Similarly, in bracket-form escape sequences like
\f[ZCMI], a right bracket ] does not end the sequence unless it
occurs at the same interpolation depth as the opening [. In
compatibility mode, no attention is paid to the interpolation
depth.
In GNU troff, the tr request can map characters to the unbreakable
space escape sequence \~ as a special case (tr normally operates
only on characters). This feature replaces the odd-parity tr
mapping trick used in AT&T troff documents, where a character,
often ~, was “sacrificed” by mapping it to “nothing”, drafting it
into use as an unadjustable, unbreakable space. (This feature was
gratuitous even in early AT&T troff, which supported the \space
escape sequence by 1976.) Often, it makes more sense to use GNU
troff's \~ escape sequence instead, which has been adopted by
every other active troff implementation except that of Illumos, as
well as by the non-troff mandoc. Translation of a character to \~
is generally unnecessary, but might be employed to obtain an
unbreakable space when the escape character will subsequently be
disabled.
GNU troff permits tabs and spaces after the first dot on a control
line that ends a macro definition.
The page description language output by GNU troff is modeled after
that used by AT&T troff once the latter adopted a device-
independent approach in the early 1980s. Only the differences are
documented here. For a fuller discussion, see groff_out(5).
Glyph and font names can be of arbitrary length; postprocessors
should not assume that they are at most two characters. A glyph
to be formatted is always drawn from the current font; in contrast
to AT&T device-independent troff, drivers need not search special
fonts to find a glyph.
Units
The argument to the s command is in scaled points (units of
points/n, where n is the argument to the sizescale command in the
DESC file). The argument to the “x H” command is also in scaled
points.
Simple commands
If the tcommand directive is present in the output device's DESC
file, GNU troff employs the following two commands.
t xyz...
Typeset word xyz; that is, set a sequence of ordinary
glyphs named x, y, z, ..., terminated by a space or
newline; an optional second integer argument is ignored
(this allows the formatter to generate an even number of
arguments). Each glyph is set at the current drawing
position, and the position is then advanced horizontally by
the glyph's width. A glyph's width is read from its
metrics in the font description file, scaled to the current
type size, and rounded to a multiple of the horizontal
motion quantum. Use the C command to emplace glyphs of
special characters.
u n xyz...
Typeset word xyz with track kerning. As t, but after
placing each glyph, the drawing position is further
advanced horizontally by n basic units.
New commands implement color support.
mc cyan magenta yellow
md
mg gray
mk cyan magenta yellow black
mr red green blue
Set the components of the stroke color with respect to
various color spaces. md resets the stroke color to the
default value. The arguments are integers in the range 0
to 65535.
A new device control subcommand is available.
x u n If n is 1, start underlining of spaces. If n is 0, stop
underlining of spaces. This facility is needed for the cu
request in nroff mode and is ignored otherwise.
Extended drawing commands
GNU pic does not produce troff escape sequences employing these
extensions if its -n option is given.
Df n Set the shade of gray used to fill geometric objects to n,
which must be an integer. 0 corresponds to white and 1000
to black. A grayscale ramp spans the two. A value outside
this range uses the stroke color as the fill color. The
fill color is opaque. Normally the default is black, but
some drivers may provide a way of changing this. Df is
obsolete since 2002, superseded by DFg below.
The corresponding \D'f' escape sequence should not be used:
its argument is rounded to an integer multiple of the
horizontal motion quantum, which can limit the precision
of n.
DC d Draw a filled circle of diameter d with its leftmost point
at the drawing position.
DE h v Draw a filled ellipse, of horizontal axis h and vertical
axis v, with its leftmost point at the drawing position.
Dp dx1dy1...dxndyn
Draw a polygon with, for i=1,...,n+1, its ith vertex at the
drawing position +ij−=Σ11(dxj,dyj). groff output drivers
automatically close polygons, drawing a line from (dxn,dyn)
back to (dx1,dy1). The drawing position is left at the
last specified vertex, but this may change in a future
version of GNU troff. Heirloom Doctools troff, like DWB
troff, by default does not close the polygon. In its groff
compatibility mode, Heirloom closes the polygon but leaves
the drawing position unchanged—that is, at the polygon's
initial drawing position.
DP dx1dy1...dxndyn
As Dp, but draw a filled rather than a stroked polygon.
Dt n Set the line thickness to n basic units. AT&T troff output
drivers use a thickness proportional to the type size; this
is the GNU troff default. A negative n requests this
explicitly. An n of zero selects the smallest available
line thickness.
A difficulty arises in how the drawing position should be changed
after the execution of these commands. This has little importance
to most users, since the output of GNU grn and pic does not depend
on it. Given a drawing command of the form Dz x1y1...xnyn, where
z is not c or e, AT&T troff treats each xi as a horizontal motion,
each yi as a vertical one, and therefore assumes that the width of
the drawn object is in=Σ1xi, and its height is in=Σ1yi. (Verify its
assumption about height by examining the st and sb registers after
using such a drawing command in a \w escape sequence). For the
sake of compatibility, GNU troff also follows this rule, even
though it frustrates extensions to the D command that set drawing
parameters rather than rendering objects, producing ugly results
in the case of Dt and Df, or otherwise don't parameterize objects
as a series of vertices, as with GNU troff's filled ellipse, DE.
Thus after executing a D command of the form Dz x1y1...xnyn, the
drawing position should be increased by (in=Σ1xi,in=Σ1yi). In a
future release, GNU troff and its output drivers may abandon the
application of this assumption to drawing commands not explicitly
specified in the AT&T “Troff User's Manual”. You can ensure
predictable output by enclosing drawing commands in the zero-
motion escape sequence \Z.
GNU troff implements fill color selection with another set of
extensions.
DFc cyan magenta yellow
DFd
DFg gray
DFk cyan magenta yellow black
DFr red green blue
Set the components of the fill color as described under the
\M escape sequence above. DFd restores the device's
default fill color. The drawing position is not updated,
in contrast to Df.
Device control syntax extension
GNU troff introduces a line continuation convention, permitting
the argument to the x X command to contain newlines. A newline in
the input is transformed to the sequence “newline+”. When
interpreting an x X command, a postprocessor should therefore be
prepared for a plus sign after a newline; if it occurs, preserve
the newline, discard the plus sign, and continue to collect the
input into the argument of the x X command. A newline not
followed by a plus sign terminates the x X command. An
application of this feature is the embedding of PostScript or PDF
language command streams into troff output.
GNU troff guarantees that the first three output commands it emits
are as follows.
x T device
x res n h v
x init
In addition to AT&T troff's debugging features, GNU troff emits
more error diagnostics when syntactical or semantic nonsense is
encountered and supports several warning categories; the output of
these can be selected with “warn”. Also see the -E, -w, and -W
options of troff(1).
A trace of the formatter's input processing stack can be emitted
when errors or warnings occur by means of GNU troff -b option, or
produced on demand with the backtrace request.
groff also adds more flexible diagnostic output requests (tmc and
tm1). Examine the state of the formatter with requests that write
lists of defined colors (pcolor), composite character mappings
(pcomposite), environments (pev), font translations (pftr),
automatic hyphenation codes (pchar) and exceptions (phw),
registers (pnr), open streams (pstream), and page location traps
(ptr). Requests can also disclose to the standard error stream
the internal properties and representations of characters (pchar),
macros (and strings and diversions) (pm), and the list of output
nodes corresponding to the pending input line (pline).
Some syntactical and behavioral differences between AT&T and GNU
troffs are thought too important to neglect; GNU troff therefore
makes available a compatibility mode in an effort to keep
documents prepared for AT&T troff rendering well.
Identifier names of arbitrary length may be GNU troff's most
obvious innovation. AT&T troff interprets “.dsabcd” as defining a
string “ab” with contents “cd”. Normally, GNU troff interprets
this input as calling a macro named “dsabcd”. AT&T troff also
interprets \*[ and \n[ as interpolating a string or register,
respectively, named “[”. GNU troff, however, normally interprets
“[” as bracketing a long name (with “]” at the distal end). In
compatibility mode, GNU troff interprets names in the traditional
way, they thus can be two characters long at most. See the -C
option in troff(1) and, above, the .C and .cp registers, and cp
and “do” requests, for more on compatibility mode.
The register \n[.cp] is specialized and may require a statement of
rationale. When writing macro packages or documents that use GNU
troff features and which may be mixed with other packages or
documents that do not—common scenarios include serial processing
of man pages or use of the “so” or mso requests—you may desire
correct operation regardless of compatibility mode enablement in
the surrounding context. It may occur to you to save the existing
value of \n(.C into a register, say, _C, at the beginning of your
file, turn compatibility mode off with “.cp 0”, then restore it
from that register at the end with “.cp \n(_C”. At the same time,
a modular design of a document or macro package may lead you to
multiple layers of inclusion. You cannot use the same register
name everywhere lest you “clobber” the value from a preceding or
enclosing context. The two-character register name space of AT&T
troff is confining, but employing GNU troff's more capacious one,
as with “.nr _my_saved_C \n(.C” does not work in compatibility
mode; the register name is too long. Employing the “do” request
is no help: “.do nr _my_saved_C \n(.C” always saves zero to the
register, because “do” turns compatibility mode off while it
interprets its argument list.
In compatibility mode, GNU troff accepts several characters as
delimiters that it ordinarily rejects, because they can begin
numeric expressions and therefore may be ambiguous to the document
maintainer. The set of additional delimiters comprises
“0123456789+-(.|”.
GNU troff's features sometimes cause incompatibilities with
documents written assuming old implementations of troff. GNU
troff request names unrecognized by other troff implementations
will likely be ignored by them, and escape sequences that are GNU
troff extensions are liable to format their function selector
character. For example, the adjustable, non-breaking space escape
sequence \~ is also supported by Heirloom Doctools troff 050915
(September 2005), mandoc 1.9.5 (2009-09-21), neatroff (commit
1c6ab0f6e, 2016-09-13), and Plan 9 from User Space troff (commit
93f8143600, 2022-08-12), but not by Solaris 10 or Documenter's
Workbench troffs, which both render it as “~”.
GNU troff does not allow the use of the escape sequences \|, \^,
\&, \{, \}, \space, \', \`, \-, \_, \!, \%, or \c in identifiers;
AT&T troff does. The \A escape sequence (see subsection “Escape
sequences” above) may be helpful in avoiding their use.
AT&T troff discards trailing spaces from input lines, like GNU
troff, but when it does so, AT&T troff also cancels end-of-
sentence detection. Use of the dummy character escape sequence \&
is more portable.
When adjusting output lines to both margins, AT&T troff at first
adjusts spaces starting from the right; GNU troff begins from the
left. Both implementations adjust spaces from opposite ends on
alternating output lines in this adjustment mode to prevent
“rivers” in the text.
GNU troff does not always hyphenate words as AT&T troff does. The
AT&T implementation uses a set of hard-coded rules specific to
U.S. English, while GNU troff uses language-specific hyphenation
pattern files derived from TeX. In some versions of troff there
was limited space to store hyphenation exceptions (arguments to
the hw request); GNU troff has no such restriction. When the hy
request is invoked without an argument, GNU troff sets the
automatic hyphenation mode to the value of the .hydefault
register; the AT&T implementation sets it to “1”, which is not
suitable in GNU troff for some languages, including English.
GNU troff handles the dummy character \& differently from AT&T
troff when it is followed by the hyphenation control escape
sequence \% at the beginning of a word. GNU troff does not regard
the dummy character as “starting” the word; AT&T troff does.
Further, Heirloom Doctools troff does not honor an explicit
hyphenation point marked with \% after a word-initial one.
GNU troff interprets request arguments representing file names and
system commands in the same way it does the contents argument to
the ds and “as” requests: it removes a leading neutral double
quote ‘"’ from the argument to the cf, nx, pi, “so”, and sy
requests, and the second argument (if present) to the lf request,
permitting initial embedded spaces in it, and reads it to the end
of the input line in copy mode. This difference permits the
formatter to handle files with spaces in their names, but requires
more care with trailing comments, and doubling of an initial
neutral double quote “"” if the file name has one.
The existence of the .T string is a common feature of device-
independent troffs—DWB 3.3, Solaris 10, Heirloom Doctools, and
Plan 9 troff all support it—but valid values are specific to each
implementation.
The (read-only) register .T interpolates 1 if GNU troff is run
with the -T option, and 0 otherwise. In contrast, AT&T troff
interpolated 1 only if nroff was the formatter and was run with
-T.
AT&T troff ignored attempts to remove read-only registers; GNU
troff honors such requests.
The lf request sets the number of the current input line in AT&T
troff, and the next in GNU troff.
AT&T troff had only environments named “0”, “1”, and “2”. In GNU
troff, any number of environments may exist, using any valid
identifiers for their names.
GNU troff normally tracks the interpolation depth of escape
sequence parameters and other delimited structures, but not in
compatibility mode. See section “Miscellaneous” above.
The escape sequences \f, \H, \m, \M, \R, \s, and \S are
transparent at the beginning of an input line, or after the
conditional expression of an “if” or ie request, only in
compatibility mode. That is, upon interpreting them, GNU troff no
longer recognizes a control character on the input line; AT&T
troff does.
Normally, the syntax form \sn accepts only a single character (a
digit) for n, consistently with other forms that originated in
AT&T troff, like \*, \$, \f, \g, \k, \n, and \z. In compatibility
mode only, a non-zero n must be in the range 4–39. Legacy
documents relying upon this quirk of parsing should migrate to
another \s form. [Background: The Graphic Systems C/A/T
phototypesetter (the original device target for AT&T troff)
supported only a few discrete type sizes in the range 6–36 points,
so Ossanna contrived a special case in the parser to do what the
user must have meant. Kernighan warned of this in the 1992
revision of CSTR #54 (§2.3), and more recently, McIlroy referred
to it as a “living fossil”.]
Fractional type size support causes an incompatibility. In AT&T
troff, ps ignores scaling units and thus “.ps 10u” sets the type
size to 10 points, whereas in GNU troff it sets the type size to
10 scaled points, possibly a much smaller measurement. AT&T's
behavior also means that “.ps 10p” and “.ps 10z” are portable.
See subsection “Fractional type sizes and new scaling units”
above.
The ab request differs from AT&T troff: GNU troff writes no
message to the standard error stream if no arguments are given,
and it exits with a failure status instead of a successful one.
The bp request differs from AT&T troff: GNU troff does not accept
a scaling unit on the argument, a page number; the former does
(uselessly).
In AT&T troff the pm request reports macro, string, and diversion
sizes in units of 128-byte blocks, and an argument reduces the
report to a sum of the above in the same units. GNU troff reports
their lengths in characters or nodes if given no arguments, and
otherwise dumps the JSON-encoded name and contents of each named
argument.
AT&T troff ignores the ss request if the output is a terminal
device; GNU troff rounds down the values of minimum inter-word and
additional inter-sentence space each to the nearest multiple
of 12.
GNU troff distinguishes characters from glyphs. Characters can be
ordinary, special, or indexed, and populate strings and macros.
Characters per se have not (yet) been formatted. Glyphs represent
graphemes (supplied by the output device) and populate diversions
or the pending output line. Formatting converts characters into
(sequences of) glyphs. GNU troff stores properties of the
environment that affect how a glyph is rendered with the glyph
node's data. Thus, subsequent formatting operations do not affect
it, including bd, cs, tkf, tr, and fp requests. Normally, a macro
or string contains only a list of characters and a diversion
contains only a list of nodes. However, applying the asciify or
unformat requests to a diversion converts some of its nodes back
into characters. Where the formatter cannot recover the character
representation of a node, it stores a null character in the
character list corresponding to a single node in the node list.
Consequently, a glyph node does not behave as a character does in
macro interpolation: it does not inherit special properties that
the character from which it was constructed might have had.
One way to format a backslash in most documents is with the \e
escape sequence; this formats the glyph of the current escape
character, regardless of whether it is used in a diversion; it
also works in both GNU troff and AT&T troff. (Naturally, if
you've changed the escape character, you need to prefix the “e”
with whatever it is—and you'll likely get something other than a
backslash in the output.)
The other correct way, appropriate in contexts independent of the
backslash's common use as a roff escape character—perhaps in
discussion of character sets or other programming languages—is the
special character escape sequence \(rs or \[rs], for “reverse
solidus”, from its name in the ECMA-6 and ISO 10646 standards.
[AT&T troff 's font description files did not define the rs
special character, but those of its descendant Heirloom Doctools
troff do, as of its 060716 release (July 2006).]
To store an escape sequence in a diversion that is interpreted
when the diversion is interpolated, either use the traditional \!
transparent output facility, or, if this is unsuitable, the new \?
escape sequence. See subsection “Escape sequences” above and
sections “Diversions” and “Gtroff Internals” in Groff: The GNU
Implementation of troff, the groff Texinfo manual.
In the somewhat pathological case where a diversion exists
containing a partially collected line and a partially collected
line at the top-level diversion has never existed, AT&T troff will
output a partially collected but otherwise empty line (as if “\c”
were in the top-level diversion) at the end of input; GNU troff
will not.
Formatter output incompatibilities
Its extensions notwithstanding, GNU troff's page description
language has some incompatibilities with that of AT&T troff, but
better compatibility is sought; problem reports and patches are
welcome. The following incompatibilities are known.
• The drawing position after rendering polygons is inconsistent
with AT&T troff practice. Other implementations have diverged
on this point as well.
• The output cannot be easily rescaled to other devices as AT&T
troff's could.
This document was written by James Clark ⟨[email protected]⟩, Werner
Lemberg ⟨[email protected]⟩, Bernd Warken ⟨[email protected]⟩,
and G. Branden Robinson ⟨[email protected]⟩.
Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff, by Trent A. Fisher and
Werner Lemberg, is the primary groff manual. You can browse it
interactively with “info groff”.
“Troff User's Manual” by Joseph F. Ossanna, 1976 (revised by Brian
W. Kernighan, 1992), AT&T Bell Laboratories Computing Science
Technical Report No. 54, widely called simply “CSTR #54”,
documents the language, device and font description file formats,
and page description language referred to collectively in groff
documentation as AT&T troff.
“A Typesetter-independent TROFF” by Brian W. Kernighan, 1982, AT&T
Bell Laboratories Computing Science Technical Report No. 97,
provides additional insights into the device and font description
file formats and page description language.
groff(1), groff(7), roff(7)
This page is part of the groff (GNU troff) project. Information
about the project can be found at
⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/⟩. If you have a bug report for
this manual page, see ⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/groff/⟩. This
page was obtained from the project's upstream Git repository
⟨https://git.savannah.gnu.org/git/groff.git⟩ on 2025-08-11. (At
that time, the date of the most recent commit that was found in
the repository was 2025-08-09.) If you discover any rendering
problems in this HTML version of the page, or you believe there is
a better or more up-to-date source for the page, or you have
corrections or improvements to the information in this COLOPHON
(which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail to
[email protected]
groff 1.23.0.3821-a8b3f 2025-08-09 groff_diff(7)
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