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LEX(1P) POSIX Programmer's Manual LEX(1P)
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The
Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the
corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or
the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
lex — generate programs for lexical tasks (DEVELOPMENT)
lex [-t] [-n|-v] [file...]
The lex utility shall generate C programs to be used in lexical
processing of character input, and that can be used as an
interface to yacc. The C programs shall be generated from lex
source code and conform to the ISO C standard, without depending
on any undefined, unspecified, or implementation-defined behavior,
except in cases where the code is copied directly from the
supplied source, or in cases that are documented by the
implementation. Usually, the lex utility shall write the program
it generates to the file lex.yy.c; the state of this file is
unspecified if lex exits with a non-zero exit status. See the
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section for a complete description of the lex
input language.
The lex utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of
POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines, except for
Guideline 9.
The following options shall be supported:
-n Suppress the summary of statistics usually written with
the -v option. If no table sizes are specified in the
lex source code and the -v option is not specified, then
-n is implied.
-t Write the resulting program to standard output instead
of lex.yy.c.
-v Write a summary of lex statistics to the standard
output. (See the discussion of lex table sizes in
Definitions in lex.) If the -t option is specified and
-n is not specified, this report shall be written to
standard error. If table sizes are specified in the lex
source code, and if the -n option is not specified, the
-v option may be enabled.
The following operand shall be supported:
file A pathname of an input file. If more than one such file
is specified, all files shall be concatenated to produce
a single lex program. If no file operands are specified,
or if a file operand is '-', the standard input shall be
used.
The standard input shall be used if no file operands are
specified, or if a file operand is '-'. See INPUT FILES.
The input files shall be text files containing lex source code, as
described in the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section.
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
lex:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization
variables that are unset or null. (See the Base
Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 8.2,
Internationalization Variables for the precedence of
internationalization variables used to determine the
values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values
of all the other internationalization variables.
LC_COLLATE
Determine the locale for the behavior of ranges,
equivalence classes, and multi-character collating
elements within regular expressions. If this variable is
not set to the POSIX locale, the results are
unspecified.
LC_CTYPE Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences
of bytes of text data as characters (for example,
single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in
arguments and input files), and the behavior of
character classes within regular expressions. If this
variable is not set to the POSIX locale, the results are
unspecified.
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the
format and contents of diagnostic messages written to
standard error.
NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the
processing of LC_MESSAGES.
Default.
If the -t option is specified, the text file of C source code
output of lex shall be written to standard output.
If the -t option is not specified:
* Implementation-defined informational, error, and warning
messages concerning the contents of lex source code input
shall be written to either the standard output or standard
error.
* If the -v option is specified and the -n option is not
specified, lex statistics shall also be written to either the
standard output or standard error, in an implementation-
defined format. These statistics may also be generated if
table sizes are specified with a '%' operator in the
Definitions section, as long as the -n option is not
specified.
If the -t option is specified, implementation-defined
informational, error, and warning messages concerning the contents
of lex source code input shall be written to the standard error.
If the -t option is not specified:
1. Implementation-defined informational, error, and warning
messages concerning the contents of lex source code input
shall be written to either the standard output or standard
error.
2. If the -v option is specified and the -n option is not
specified, lex statistics shall also be written to either the
standard output or standard error, in an implementation-
defined format. These statistics may also be generated if
table sizes are specified with a '%' operator in the
Definitions section, as long as the -n option is not
specified.
A text file containing C source code shall be written to lex.yy.c,
or to the standard output if the -t option is present.
Each input file shall contain lex source code, which is a table of
regular expressions with corresponding actions in the form of C
program fragments.
When lex.yy.c is compiled and linked with the lex library (using
the -l l operand with c99), the resulting program shall read
character input from the standard input and shall partition it
into strings that match the given expressions.
When an expression is matched, these actions shall occur:
* The input string that was matched shall be left in yytext as a
null-terminated string; yytext shall either be an external
character array or a pointer to a character string. As
explained in Definitions in lex, the type can be explicitly
selected using the %array or %pointer declarations, but the
default is implementation-defined.
* The external int yyleng shall be set to the length of the
matching string.
* The expression's corresponding program fragment, or action,
shall be executed.
During pattern matching, lex shall search the set of patterns for
the single longest possible match. Among rules that match the same
number of characters, the rule given first shall be chosen.
The general format of lex source shall be:
Definitions %% Rules %% UserSubroutines
The first "%%" is required to mark the beginning of the rules
(regular expressions and actions); the second "%%" is required
only if user subroutines follow.
Any line in the Definitions section beginning with a <blank> shall
be assumed to be a C program fragment and shall be copied to the
external definition area of the lex.yy.c file. Similarly, anything
in the Definitions section included between delimiter lines
containing only "%{" and "%}" shall also be copied unchanged to
the external definition area of the lex.yy.c file.
Any such input (beginning with a <blank> or within "%{" and "%}"
delimiter lines) appearing at the beginning of the Rules section
before any rules are specified shall be written to lex.yy.c after
the declarations of variables for the yylex() function and before
the first line of code in yylex(). Thus, user variables local to
yylex() can be declared here, as well as application code to
execute upon entry to yylex().
The action taken by lex when encountering any input beginning with
a <blank> or within "%{" and "%}" delimiter lines appearing in the
Rules section but coming after one or more rules is undefined. The
presence of such input may result in an erroneous definition of
the yylex() function.
C-language code in the input shall not contain C-language
trigraphs. The C-language code within "%{" and "%}" delimiter
lines shall not contain any lines consisting only of "%}", or only
of "%%".
Definitions in lex
Definitions appear before the first "%%" delimiter. Any line in
this section not contained between "%{" and "%}" lines and not
beginning with a <blank> shall be assumed to define a lex
substitution string. The format of these lines shall be:
name substitute
If a name does not meet the requirements for identifiers in the
ISO C standard, the result is undefined. The string substitute
shall replace the string {name} when it is used in a rule. The
name string shall be recognized in this context only when the
braces are provided and when it does not appear within a bracket
expression or within double-quotes.
In the Definitions section, any line beginning with a <percent-
sign> ('%') character and followed by an alphanumeric word
beginning with either 's' or 'S' shall define a set of start
conditions. Any line beginning with a '%' followed by a word
beginning with either 'x' or 'X' shall define a set of exclusive
start conditions. When the generated scanner is in a %s state,
patterns with no state specified shall be also active; in a %x
state, such patterns shall not be active. The rest of the line,
after the first word, shall be considered to be one or more
<blank>-separated names of start conditions. Start condition names
shall be constructed in the same way as definition names. Start
conditions can be used to restrict the matching of regular
expressions to one or more states as described in Regular
Expressions in lex.
Implementations shall accept either of the following two mutually-
exclusive declarations in the Definitions section:
%array Declare the type of yytext to be a null-terminated
character array.
%pointer Declare the type of yytext to be a pointer to a null-
terminated character string.
The default type of yytext is implementation-defined. If an
application refers to yytext outside of the scanner source file
(that is, via an extern), the application shall include the
appropriate %array or %pointer declaration in the scanner source
file.
Implementations shall accept declarations in the Definitions
section for setting certain internal table sizes. The declarations
are shown in the following table.
Table: Table Size Declarations in lex
┌─────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┬───────────────┐
│ Declaration │ Description │ Minimum Value │
├─────────────┼────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────┤
│ %p n │ Number of positions │ 2500 │
│ %n n │ Number of states │ 500 │
│ %a n │ Number of transitions │ 2000 │
│ %e n │ Number of parse tree nodes │ 1000 │
│ %k n │ Number of packed character classes │ 1000 │
│ %o n │ Size of the output array │ 3000 │
└─────────────┴────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┘
In the table, n represents a positive decimal integer, preceded by
one or more <blank> characters. The exact meaning of these table
size numbers is implementation-defined. The implementation shall
document how these numbers affect the lex utility and how they are
related to any output that may be generated by the implementation
should limitations be encountered during the execution of lex. It
shall be possible to determine from this output which of the table
size values needs to be modified to permit lex to successfully
generate tables for the input language. The values in the column
Minimum Value represent the lowest values conforming
implementations shall provide.
Rules in lex
The rules in lex source files are a table in which the left column
contains regular expressions and the right column contains actions
(C program fragments) to be executed when the expressions are
recognized.
ERE action
ERE action
...
The extended regular expression (ERE) portion of a row shall be
separated from action by one or more <blank> characters. A regular
expression containing <blank> characters shall be recognized under
one of the following conditions:
* The entire expression appears within double-quotes.
* The <blank> characters appear within double-quotes or square
brackets.
* Each <blank> is preceded by a <backslash> character.
User Subroutines in lex
Anything in the user subroutines section shall be copied to
lex.yy.c following yylex().
Regular Expressions in lex
The lex utility shall support the set of extended regular
expressions (see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017,
Section 9.4, Extended Regular Expressions), with the following
additions and exceptions to the syntax:
"..." Any string enclosed in double-quotes shall represent the
characters within the double-quotes as themselves,
except that <backslash>-escapes (which appear in the
following table) shall be recognized. Any
<backslash>-escape sequence shall be terminated by the
closing quote. For example, "\01""1" represents a single
string: the octal value 1 followed by the character '1'.
<state>r, <state1,state2,...>r
The regular expression r shall be matched only when the
program is in one of the start conditions indicated by
state, state1, and so on; see Actions in lex. (As an
exception to the typographical conventions of the rest
of this volume of POSIX.1‐2017, in this case <state>
does not represent a metavariable, but the literal
angle-bracket characters surrounding a symbol.) The
start condition shall be recognized as such only at the
beginning of a regular expression.
r/x The regular expression r shall be matched only if it is
followed by an occurrence of regular expression x (x is
the instance of trailing context, further defined
below). The token returned in yytext shall only match r.
If the trailing portion of r matches the beginning of x,
the result is unspecified. The r expression cannot
include further trailing context or the '$' (match-end-
of-line) operator; x cannot include the '^' (match-
beginning-of-line) operator, nor trailing context, nor
the '$' operator. That is, only one occurrence of
trailing context is allowed in a lex regular expression,
and the '^' operator only can be used at the beginning
of such an expression.
{name} When name is one of the substitution symbols from the
Definitions section, the string, including the enclosing
braces, shall be replaced by the substitute value. The
substitute value shall be treated in the extended
regular expression as if it were enclosed in
parentheses. No substitution shall occur if {name}
occurs within a bracket expression or within double-
quotes.
Within an ERE, a <backslash> character shall be considered to
begin an escape sequence as specified in the table in the Base
Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Chapter 5, File Format
Notation ('\\', '\a', '\b', '\f', '\n', '\r', '\t', '\v'). In
addition, the escape sequences in the following table shall be
recognized.
A literal <newline> cannot occur within an ERE; the escape
sequence '\n' can be used to represent a <newline>. A <newline>
shall not be matched by a period operator.
Table: Escape Sequences in lex
┌──────────┬──────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────┐
│ Escape │ │ │
│ Sequence │ Description │ Meaning │
├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
│ \digits │ A <backslash> character │ The character whose │
│ │ followed by the longest │ encoding is represented │
│ │ sequence of one, two, or │ by the one, two, or │
│ │ three octal-digit │ three-digit octal │
│ │ characters (01234567). │ integer. Multi-byte │
│ │ If all of the digits are │ characters require │
│ │ 0 (that is, │ multiple, concatenated │
│ │ representation of the │ escape sequences of this │
│ │ NUL character), the │ type, including the │
│ │ behavior is undefined. │ leading <backslash> for │
│ │ │ each byte. │
├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
│ \xdigits │ A <backslash> character │ The character whose │
│ │ followed by the longest │ encoding is represented │
│ │ sequence of hexadecimal- │ by the hexadecimal │
│ │ digit characters │ integer. │
│ │ (01234567abcdefABCDEF). │ │
│ │ If all of the digits are │ │
│ │ 0 (that is, │ │
│ │ representation of the │ │
│ │ NUL character), the │ │
│ │ behavior is undefined. │ │
├──────────┼──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────┤
│ \c │ A <backslash> character │ The character 'c', │
│ │ followed by any │ unchanged. │
│ │ character not described │ │
│ │ in this table or in the │ │
│ │ table in the Base │ │
│ │ Definitions volume of │ │
│ │ POSIX.1‐2017, Chapter 5, │ │
│ │ File Format Notation │ │
│ │ ('\\', '\a', '\b', '\f', │ │
│ │ '\n', '\r', '\t', '\v'). │ │
└──────────┴──────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────┘
Note: If a '\x' sequence needs to be immediately followed by a
hexadecimal digit character, a sequence such as "\x1""1"
can be used, which represents a character containing the
value 1, followed by the character '1'.
The order of precedence given to extended regular expressions for
lex differs from that specified in the Base Definitions volume of
POSIX.1‐2017, Section 9.4, Extended Regular Expressions. The
order of precedence for lex shall be as shown in the following
table, from high to low.
Note: The escaped characters entry is not meant to imply that
these are operators, but they are included in the table to
show their relationships to the true operators. The start
condition, trailing context, and anchoring notations have
been omitted from the table because of the placement
restrictions described in this section; they can only
appear at the beginning or ending of an ERE.
Table: ERE Precedence in lex
┌───────────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────┐
│ Extended Regular Expression │ Precedence │
├───────────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────┤
│ collation-related bracket symbols │ [= =] [: :] [. .] │
│ escaped characters │ \<special character> │
│ bracket expression │ [ ] │
│ quoting │ "..." │
│ grouping │ ( ) │
│ definition │ {name} │
│ single-character RE duplication │ * + ? │
│ concatenation │ │
│ interval expression │ {m,n} │
│ alternation │ | │
└───────────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────┘
The ERE anchoring operators '^' and '$' do not appear in the
table. With lex regular expressions, these operators are
restricted in their use: the '^' operator can only be used at the
beginning of an entire regular expression, and the '$' operator
only at the end. The operators apply to the entire regular
expression. Thus, for example, the pattern "(^abc)|(def$)" is
undefined; it can instead be written as two separate rules, one
with the regular expression "^abc" and one with "def$", which
share a common action via the special '|' action (see below). If
the pattern were written "^abc|def$", it would match either "abc"
or "def" on a line by itself.
Unlike the general ERE rules, embedded anchoring is not allowed by
most historical lex implementations. An example of embedded
anchoring would be for patterns such as "(^| )foo( |$)" to match
"foo" when it exists as a complete word. This functionality can be
obtained using existing lex features:
^foo/[ \n] |
" foo"/[ \n] /* Found foo as a separate word. */
Note also that '$' is a form of trailing context (it is equivalent
to "/\n") and as such cannot be used with regular expressions
containing another instance of the operator (see the preceding
discussion of trailing context).
The additional regular expressions trailing-context operator '/'
can be used as an ordinary character if presented within double-
quotes, "/"; preceded by a <backslash>, "\/"; or within a bracket
expression, "[/]". The start-condition '<' and '>' operators
shall be special only in a start condition at the beginning of a
regular expression; elsewhere in the regular expression they shall
be treated as ordinary characters.
Actions in lex
The action to be taken when an ERE is matched can be a C program
fragment or the special actions described below; the program
fragment can contain one or more C statements, and can also
include special actions. The empty C statement ';' shall be a
valid action; any string in the lex.yy.c input that matches the
pattern portion of such a rule is effectively ignored or skipped.
However, the absence of an action shall not be valid, and the
action lex takes in such a condition is undefined.
The specification for an action, including C statements and
special actions, can extend across several lines if enclosed in
braces:
ERE <one or more blanks> { program statement
program statement }
The program statements shall not contain unbalanced curly brace
preprocessing tokens.
The default action when a string in the input to a lex.yy.c
program is not matched by any expression shall be to copy the
string to the output. Because the default behavior of a program
generated by lex is to read the input and copy it to the output, a
minimal lex source program that has just "%%" shall generate a C
program that simply copies the input to the output unchanged.
Four special actions shall be available:
| ECHO; REJECT; BEGIN
| The action '|' means that the action for the next rule
is the action for this rule. Unlike the other three
actions, '|' cannot be enclosed in braces or be
<semicolon>-terminated; the application shall ensure
that it is specified alone, with no other actions.
ECHO; Write the contents of the string yytext on the output.
REJECT; Usually only a single expression is matched by a given
string in the input. REJECT means ``continue to the
next expression that matches the current input'', and
shall cause whatever rule was the second choice after
the current rule to be executed for the same input.
Thus, multiple rules can be matched and executed for one
input string or overlapping input strings. For example,
given the regular expressions "xyz" and "xy" and the
input "xyz", usually only the regular expression "xyz"
would match. The next attempted match would start after
z. If the last action in the "xyz" rule is REJECT, both
this rule and the "xy" rule would be executed. The
REJECT action may be implemented in such a fashion that
flow of control does not continue after it, as if it
were equivalent to a goto to another part of yylex().
The use of REJECT may result in somewhat larger and
slower scanners.
BEGIN The action:
BEGIN newstate;
switches the state (start condition) to newstate. If
the string newstate has not been declared previously as
a start condition in the Definitions section, the
results are unspecified. The initial state is indicated
by the digit '0' or the token INITIAL.
The functions or macros described below are accessible to user
code included in the lex input. It is unspecified whether they
appear in the C code output of lex, or are accessible only through
the -l l operand to c99 (the lex library).
int yylex(void)
Performs lexical analysis on the input; this is the primary
function generated by the lex utility. The function shall
return zero when the end of input is reached; otherwise, it
shall return non-zero values (tokens) determined by the
actions that are selected.
int yymore(void)
When called, indicates that when the next input string is
recognized, it is to be appended to the current value of
yytext rather than replacing it; the value in yyleng shall
be adjusted accordingly.
int yyless(int n)
Retains n initial characters in yytext, NUL-terminated, and
treats the remaining characters as if they had not been
read; the value in yyleng shall be adjusted accordingly.
int input(void)
Returns the next character from the input, or zero on end-
of-file. It shall obtain input from the stream pointer yyin,
although possibly via an intermediate buffer. Thus, once
scanning has begun, the effect of altering the value of yyin
is undefined. The character read shall be removed from the
input stream of the scanner without any processing by the
scanner.
int unput(int c)
Returns the character 'c' to the input; yytext and yyleng
are undefined until the next expression is matched. The
result of using unput() for more characters than have been
input is unspecified.
The following functions shall appear only in the lex library
accessible through the -l l operand; they can therefore be
redefined by a conforming application:
int yywrap(void)
Called by yylex() at end-of-file; the default yywrap() shall
always return 1. If the application requires yylex() to
continue processing with another source of input, then the
application can include a function yywrap(), which
associates another file with the external variable FILE *
yyin and shall return a value of zero.
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
Calls yylex() to perform lexical analysis, then exits. The
user code can contain main() to perform application-specific
operations, calling yylex() as applicable.
Except for input(), unput(), and main(), all external and static
names generated by lex shall begin with the prefix yy or YY.
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 Successful completion.
>0 An error occurred.
Default.
The following sections are informative.
Conforming applications are warned that in the Rules section, an
ERE without an action is not acceptable, but need not be detected
as erroneous by lex. This may result in compilation or runtime
errors.
The purpose of input() is to take characters off the input stream
and discard them as far as the lexical analysis is concerned. A
common use is to discard the body of a comment once the beginning
of a comment is recognized.
The lex utility is not fully internationalized in its treatment of
regular expressions in the lex source code or generated lexical
analyzer. It would seem desirable to have the lexical analyzer
interpret the regular expressions given in the lex source
according to the environment specified when the lexical analyzer
is executed, but this is not possible with the current lex
technology. Furthermore, the very nature of the lexical analyzers
produced by lex must be closely tied to the lexical requirements
of the input language being described, which is frequently locale-
specific anyway. (For example, writing an analyzer that is used
for French text is not automatically useful for processing other
languages.)
The following is an example of a lex program that implements a
rudimentary scanner for a Pascal-like syntax:
%{
/* Need this for the call to atof() below. */
#include <math.h>
/* Need this for printf(), fopen(), and stdin below. */
#include <stdio.h>
%}
DIGIT [0-9]
ID [a-z][a-z0-9]*
%%
{DIGIT}+ {
printf("An integer: %s (%d)\n", yytext,
atoi(yytext));
}
{DIGIT}+"."{DIGIT}* {
printf("A float: %s (%g)\n", yytext,
atof(yytext));
}
if|then|begin|end|procedure|function {
printf("A keyword: %s\n", yytext);
}
{ID} printf("An identifier: %s\n", yytext);
"+"|"-"|"*"|"/" printf("An operator: %s\n", yytext);
"{"[^}\n]*"}" /* Eat up one-line comments. */
[ \t\n]+ /* Eat up white space. */
. printf("Unrecognized character: %s\n", yytext);
%%
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
++argv, --argc; /* Skip over program name. */
if (argc > 0)
yyin = fopen(argv[0], "r");
else
yyin = stdin;
yylex();
}
Even though the -c option and references to the C language are
retained in this description, lex may be generalized to other
languages, as was done at one time for EFL, the Extended FORTRAN
Language. Since the lex input specification is essentially
language-independent, versions of this utility could be written to
produce Ada, Modula-2, or Pascal code, and there are known
historical implementations that do so.
The current description of lex bypasses the issue of dealing with
internationalized EREs in the lex source code or generated lexical
analyzer. If it follows the model used by awk (the source code is
assumed to be presented in the POSIX locale, but input and output
are in the locale specified by the environment variables), then
the tables in the lexical analyzer produced by lex would interpret
EREs specified in the lex source in terms of the environment
variables specified when lex was executed. The desired effect
would be to have the lexical analyzer interpret the EREs given in
the lex source according to the environment specified when the
lexical analyzer is executed, but this is not possible with the
current lex technology.
The description of octal and hexadecimal-digit escape sequences
agrees with the ISO C standard use of escape sequences.
Earlier versions of this standard allowed for implementations with
bytes other than eight bits, but this has been modified in this
version.
There is no detailed output format specification. The observed
behavior of lex under four different historical implementations
was that none of these implementations consistently reported the
line numbers for error and warning messages. Furthermore, there
was a desire that lex be allowed to output additional diagnostic
messages. Leaving message formats unspecified avoids these
formatting questions and problems with internationalization.
Although the %x specifier for exclusive start conditions is not
historical practice, it is believed to be a minor change to
historical implementations and greatly enhances the usability of
lex programs since it permits an application to obtain the
expected functionality with fewer statements.
The %array and %pointer declarations were added as a compromise
between historical systems. The System V-based lex copies the
matched text to a yytext array. The flex program, supported in BSD
and GNU systems, uses a pointer. In the latter case, significant
performance improvements are available for some scanners. Most
historical programs should require no change in porting from one
system to another because the string being referenced is null-
terminated in both cases. (The method used by flex in its case is
to null-terminate the token in place by remembering the character
that used to come right after the token and replacing it before
continuing on to the next scan.) Multi-file programs with external
references to yytext outside the scanner source file should
continue to operate on their historical systems, but would require
one of the new declarations to be considered strictly portable.
The description of EREs avoids unnecessary duplication of ERE
details because their meanings within a lex ERE are the same as
that for the ERE in this volume of POSIX.1‐2017.
The reason for the undefined condition associated with text
beginning with a <blank> or within "%{" and "%}" delimiter lines
appearing in the Rules section is historical practice. Both the
BSD and System V lex copy the indented (or enclosed) input in the
Rules section (except at the beginning) to unreachable areas of
the yylex() function (the code is written directly after a break
statement). In some cases, the System V lex generates an error
message or a syntax error, depending on the form of indented
input.
The intention in breaking the list of functions into those that
may appear in lex.yy.c versus those that only appear in libl.a is
that only those functions in libl.a can be reliably redefined by a
conforming application.
The descriptions of standard output and standard error are
somewhat complicated because historical lex implementations chose
to issue diagnostic messages to standard output (unless -t was
given). POSIX.1‐2008 allows this behavior, but leaves an opening
for the more expected behavior of using standard error for
diagnostics. Also, the System V behavior of writing the
statistics when any table sizes are given is allowed, while BSD-
derived systems can avoid it. The programmer can always precisely
obtain the desired results by using either the -t or -n options.
The OPERANDS section does not mention the use of - as a synonym
for standard input; not all historical implementations support
such usage for any of the file operands.
A description of the translation table was deleted from early
proposals because of its relatively low usage in historical
applications.
The change to the definition of the input() function that allows
buffering of input presents the opportunity for major performance
gains in some applications.
The following examples clarify the differences between lex regular
expressions and regular expressions appearing elsewhere in this
volume of POSIX.1‐2017. For regular expressions of the form "r/x",
the string matching r is always returned; confusion may arise when
the beginning of x matches the trailing portion of r. For
example, given the regular expression "a*b/cc" and the input
"aaabcc", yytext would contain the string "aaab" on this match.
But given the regular expression "x*/xy" and the input "xxxy", the
token xxx, not xx, is returned by some implementations because xxx
matches "x*".
In the rule "ab*/bc", the "b*" at the end of r extends r's match
into the beginning of the trailing context, so the result is
unspecified. If this rule were "ab/bc", however, the rule matches
the text "ab" when it is followed by the text "bc". In this
latter case, the matching of r cannot extend into the beginning of
x, so the result is specified.
None.
c99(1p), ed(1p), yacc(1p)
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Chapter 5, File
Format Notation, Chapter 8, Environment Variables, Chapter 9,
Regular Expressions, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic
form from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard for Information
Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The
Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition, Copyright
(C) 2018 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between
this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard,
the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee
document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page
are most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of
the source files to man page format. To report such errors, see
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .
IEEE/The Open Group 2017 LEX(1P)
Pages that refer to this page: awk(1p), cflow(1p), make(1p), yacc(1p)
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